Indima yoGcino lwaMandla eBhetri kwiGrid Stability

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni uzinzo lwegridi kwimeko yamandla eguqukayo yanamhlanje. Ngokusetyenziswa okwandayo kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokufika kwezithuthi zombane (ii-EV), imfuno yezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokuzinzisa igridi ikhule kakhulu. Eli nqaku lijonga kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zegalelo lokugcina amandla ebhetri kuzinzo lwegridi kwaye liphonononga ukubaluleka kwalo kwimeko yekamva lamandla elizinzileyo nelinokuthenjwa.

I. Intshayelelo

A. Ukubaluleka kozinzo lwegridi

B. Utshintsho oluya kuMandla aHlaziyiweyo

II. Ukuqonda iiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla ebhetri

A. Iziseko Zokugcina Amandla

B. Iintlobo zeeTekhnoloji zeBhetri

C. Izinto Ezibangela Ukusebenza Nokuqina

III. Imingeni kunye neemfuno zokuzinza kwegridi

A. Ukuphazamiseka kokuveliswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo

B. Ulawulo lweeFrequency kunye neVoltage

C. I-Grid Inertia kunye noMgangatho waMandla

IV. Igalelo leenkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri kwi-grid uzinzo

A. Ukuguquguquka kwamandla ahlaziyekayo okuthambisayo

B. Ulawulo kunye noLawulo lweeFrekhi

C. Inkxaso yeVolthi kunye neMbuyekezo yamandla asebenzayo

D. Amandla okuQala abaNtsundu

E. Ukuphucula Ukuqina kweGridi

V. Izifundo zeTyala: Ukusasazwa koLondolozo lwaMandla eBhetri ukuze kuzinze iGrid

A. Indawo yokugcina amandla yaseHornsdale eMzantsi Australia

Indawo yokugcina amandla eMoss Landing Energy eB. California

Iprojekthi ka-C. Germany kaSchwerin

Iprojekthi yeGreenpoint Avenue yeSixeko saseNew York D.

Idolophu ehlakaniphileyo ezinzileyo yaseFujisawa yaseJapan e-E.

VI. Imingeni kunye neMbono yeXesha elizayo

A. Iingqwalasela zeendleko kunye noqoqosho

B. Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji

C. Imigaqo-nkqubo yeMarike kunye neMigqaliselo

VII. Isiphelo

I. Intshayelelo

Uzinzo lwegridi lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umbane othembekileyo wokunika amandla emakhaya ethu, kumashishini nakwiinethiwekhi zothutho. Njengoko ihlabathi litshintsha kancinci ukuya kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ukuguquguquka kwamandla omoya kunye nelanga kubangela imingeni kuzinzo lwegridi. Oku kufuna ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla eziphambili ukuze kulinganiswe igridi kwaye kuqinisekiswe uzinzo lwayo, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okuguquguquka okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla kunye nemfuno.

Utshintsho oluqhubekayo lwamandla lufuna ukuba kususwe kwizityalo zamandla zemveli ezisebenzisa amandla e-fossil ziye kwezinye iindlela ezicocekileyo nezizinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nezityalo zamandla zemveli, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ixhomekeke kwimozulu kwaye inamava okuguquguquka kwimveliso yamandla ayo. Ke ngoko, kuba yimfuneko ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kokunikezelwa kwamandla okutshintshatshintsha kunye nemfuno, apho iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zingenelela khona.

II. Ukuqonda iiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla ebhetri

Ukuze siqonde indima yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ekuzinzeni kwegridi, kubalulekile ukuqonda imigaqo yazo esisiseko. Embindini wazo, ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukugcina umbane ogqithisileyo xa ukuveliswa kudlula imfuno kwaye emva koko zikhuphe amandla agciniweyo xa imfuno idlula imveliso. Le nkqubo ivumela ulungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo phakathi kobonelelo kunye nemfuno, ukuqinisekisa imeko-bume yegridi ezinzileyo.

Iiteknoloji ezahlukeneyo zebhetri zihlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokugcina ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nomthamo, ukulinganiswa kwamandla, kunye nobude bokukhutshwa. Ezi ziquka i-lithium-ion, i-lead-acid, ukuhamba kwe-redox, kunye neebhetri ze-sodium-sulfur, phakathi kwezinye. Itekhnoloji nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo malunga nokusebenza, ukuqina, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye neendleko, ezigqiba ukufaneleka kwazo kwizicelo ezithile zokuzinzisa igridi.

III. Imingeni kunye neemfuno zokuzinza kwegridi

Imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, nangona ibalulekile ekususeni igesi ekhabhoni kwicandelo lamandla, inemingeni eyahlukileyo malunga nokuzinza kwegridi. Le mithombo ibonakaliswa kukungaguquguquki kwayo kunye nokungaqikeleli, okuphenjelelwa kukuguquguquka kweemeko zemozulu kunye nokufumaneka kwemini.

Ukugcina uzinzo lwegridi kufuna ukujongana nemiba enxulumene nolawulo lwamaza kunye nombane, i-grid inertia, kunye nomgangatho wamandla. Ulawulo lwamaza luqinisekisa ukuba ukuveliswa kombane kuhambelana nemfuno ekhawulezileyo, ngelixa ulawulo lwe-voltage lunceda ukugcina amanqanaba ombane afunekayo ngaphakathi kwegridi. I-grid inertia ibhekisa kubunzima obujikelezayo bezityalo zamandla eziqhelekileyo ezigcina igridi izinzile ngexesha lokuphazamiseka, ngelixa umgangatho wamandla uqinisekisa ukuhamba kombane okuthembekileyo nokungaphazanyiswa ngaphandle kokuwa okanye ukunyuka kwe-voltage.

IV. Igalelo leenkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri kwi-grid uzinzo

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ezinegalelo elikhulu kuzinzo lwegridi:

A. Ukuguquguquka kwamandla ahlaziyekayo okuthambisayo

Ukugcinwa kwebhetri kunokunciphisa ukuguquguquka okubangelwa kukuveliswa okuhlaziyekayo okwethutyana, kufunxe amandla agqithisileyo ngexesha lemveliso ephezulu kwaye kukhuphe ngexesha lemveliso ephantsi. Esi siphumo sokulinganisela sinciphisa uxinzelelo kwigridi kwaye sinciphise isidingo sokunyuka okanye ukwehla ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo zamandla zesiqhelo.

B. Ulawulo kunye noLawulo lweeFrekhi

Iibhetri zinokusabela ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho kwigridi, nto leyo ekhulisa uzinzo lwegridi. Ngokutshaja okanye ukukhupha igridi ngenxa yokuphambuka kwefridi, ukugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri kuxhasa igridi ngokufaka okanye ukufunxa amandla ngoko nangoko, ngaloo ndlela kuzinzisa inkqubo ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kwefridi.

C. Inkxaso yeVolthi kunye neMbuyekezo yamandla asebenzayo

Ngenxa yexesha lazo lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nobuchule bamandla okusabela, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zinokunceda ekulawuleni amanqanaba ombane, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinonxibelelwano lwegridi olubuthathaka okanye olukude. Zifaka amandla okusabela ukuzinzisa umbane, zinciphise ilahleko, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwegridi iyonke.

D. Amandla okuQala abaNtsundu

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zinokubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo ngexesha lokucima kwegridi okanye ekuqaliseni kwakhona igridi emva kokucima ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yokuba zikwazi ukubonelela ngombane ngoko nangoko, ezi nkqubo zivumela ukubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuthembekileyo kwegridi, kunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwaye kuphucule ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.

E. Ukuphucula Ukuqina kweGridi

Ngokufaka indawo yokugcina amandla ebhetri, igridi iba namandla ngakumbi kwiziganeko ezingalindelekanga ezifana neentlekele zemvelo okanye ukusilela kwezixhobo. Ezi nkqubo zinokugcina amandla agqithisileyo ngexesha lemisebenzi eqhelekileyo kwaye ziwakhulule xa kufuneka, ziqinisekise umbane ongezelelweyo ngexesha leengxamiseko kwaye ziphephe ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide.

V. Izifundo zeTyala: Ukusasazwa koLondolozo lwaMandla eBhetri ukuze kuzinze iGrid

Iiprojekthi ezininzi eziphawulekayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo zisebenzise ngempumelelo iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ukuphucula uzinzo lwegridi:

A. Indawo yokugcina amandla yaseHornsdale eMzantsi Australia

I-Hornsdale Power Reserve, equka itekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium-ion kaTesla, ibonelele ngeenkonzo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukwazi ukuqala ngomnyama ukuzinzisa igridi yaseMzantsi Australia. Impumelelo yayo iphucule kakhulu ukuthembeka kwegridi kwaye yavula indlela yeeprojekthi ezifanayo kwihlabathi liphela.

Indawo yokugcina amandla eMoss Landing Energy eB. California

I-Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility yenye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu zokugcina iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwihlabathi. Le nkqubo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni kwamandla eCalifornia, inika inkxaso yozinzo lwegridi, inceda ekudityanisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo, kwaye inceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wokucima kombane ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu.

Iprojekthi ka-C. Germany kaSchwerin

EJamani, iProjekthi yaseSchwerin idibanisa ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri ukulawula ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo eguquguqukayo kwigridi yasekuhlaleni. Iibhetri zinceda ukufunxa amandla elanga agqithisileyo ngexesha lokuveliswa okuphezulu kwaye ziwakhulule njengoko kufuneka, okwenza ukuba ukusebenza kwegridi kube lula kwaye kuncitshiswe ukuncitshiswa.

Iprojekthi yeGreenpoint Avenue yeSixeko saseNew York D.

Iprojekthi yeGreenpoint Avenue eNew York City ijonge ukubonisa indlela ukugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri okunokuphucula ngayo ukuthembeka kombane wasekuhlaleni ngexesha leemfuno eziphezulu. Ngokukhupha amandla agciniweyo ngamaxesha emfuno ephezulu, le projekthi ijonge ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwigridi kunye nokunciphisa isidingo seziseko zophuhliso zegridi ezongezelelweyo.

Idolophu ehlakaniphileyo ezinzileyo yaseFujisawa yaseJapan e-E.

I-Fujisawa Sustainable Smart Town yiprojekthi yeziseko zophuhliso equka ukuveliswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, kunye nobuchwepheshe begridi ekrelekrele. Icandelo lokugcina amandla ebhetri liqinisekisa igridi ezinzileyo ngokulinganisela ukuguquguquka kwemveliso yamandla elanga kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.

VI. Imingeni kunye neMbono yeXesha elizayo

Nangona ukugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzinzo lwegridi, kukho imingeni ethile ekufuneka ijongwane nayo ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye kwandiswe izibonelelo zayo:

A. Iingqwalasela zeendleko kunye noqoqosho

Iindleko zangaphambili ezinxulumene neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zihlala ziphezulu, nto leyo ebangela umqobo kwezemali ekusetyenzisweni kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokukhula okukhulayo kwezi nkqubo kunciphisa iindleko, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zisebenzise imali eninzi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

B. Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji

Imizamo yophando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso ibalulekile ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri, ukuqina, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Uyilo olujolise ekunyukeni koxinano lwamandla, ubomi obude, amaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko eziphuculweyo ziyafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe amandla okuzinzisa igridi ngakumbi.

C. Imigaqo-nkqubo yeMarike kunye neMigqaliselo

Ukuqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kogcino lwamandla ebhetri kufuna ulwakhiwo lwemarike oluxhasayo kunye nezikhokelo zomthetho. Izikhokelo ezicacileyo malunga nokwamkelwa nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokugcina, iinkonzo zegridi ezikhuthazayo, kunye nokulungelelanisa iinkqubo zokuvunywa kweprojekthi ziyimfuneko ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwazo ngokubanzi kwigridi.

VII. Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ziye zavela njengesisombululo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwegridi kwixesha elizayo elilawulwa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngenxa yokukwazi kwazo ukubonelela ngezakhono zokuphendula eziguquguqukayo nezikhawulezayo, ezi nkqubo zinceda ekulawuleni amaza, ukuzinzisa amanqanaba ombane, kunye nokubuyisela umahluko ekuvelisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngegalelo lazo kuzinzo lwegridi, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuvumeleni isiseko samandla esizinzileyo nesizinzileyo. Njengoko iindleko ziqhubeka zincipha kwaye uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji lukhawuleza, ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kwezi nkqubo kwigridi kuya kuba yinto enokwenzeka ngakumbi, okuqinisa ngakumbi isiseko sekamva lamandla elithembekileyo nelicocekileyo.