Indima Yokugcinwa Kwamandla Ebhethri Ekuqineni Kwegridi

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza kwegridi endaweni yamandla eshintshayo yanamuhla. Ngokwamukelwa okwandayo kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokufika kwezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV), isidingo sezixazululo zokuqinisa igridi ezisebenzayo sikhule kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici ezahlukahlukene zomnikelo wokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri ekuzinzeni kwegridi futhi sihlola ukubaluleka kwawo kumongo wekusasa lamandla elizinzile nelinokwethenjelwa.

I. Isingeniso

A. Ukubaluleka Kokuzinza Kwegridi

B. Ukushintshela Emandleni Avuselelekayo

II. Ukuqonda Izinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Ebhethri

A. Izisekelo Zokugcina Amandla

B. Izinhlobo Zobuchwepheshe Bebhethri

C. Izici Zokusebenza Nokuqina

III. Izinselele Nezidingo Zokuzinza Kwegridi

A. Ukwehlukaniswa Kwezikhawu Zokukhiqiza Amandla Avuselelekayo

B. Ukulawulwa Kwemvamisa Ne-Voltage

C. I-Grid Inertia kanye nekhwalithi yamandla

IV. Iminikelo Yezinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Ebhethri Ekuqineni Kwegridi

A. Ukuguquguquka Kwamandla Avuselelekayo Okushelelayo

B. Ukulawulwa Nokulawulwa Kwemvamisa

C. Ukusekelwa kweVoltage kanye nokunxeshezelwa kwamandla asebenzayo

D. Amakhono Okuqalisa Okumnyama

E. Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwegridi

V. Izifundo Zezimo: Ukufakwa Kwesitoreji Samandla Ebhethri Ukuze Kuzinze Igridi

A. Indawo Yokugcina Amandla yaseHornsdale eNingizimu Australia

Indawo Yokugcina Amandla Okugcina I-Moss Landing yase-B. California

Iphrojekthi ka-C. Schwerin yaseJalimane

Iphrojekthi ye-D. Greenpoint Avenue yaseDolobheni laseNew York

Idolobha Elihlakaniphile Eliqhubekayo laseFujisawa laseJapan e-E.

VI. Izinselele kanye Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

A. Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindleko kanye Nezomnotho

B. Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe

C. Izinhlaka Zemakethe Nezokulawula

VII. Isiphetho

I. Isingeniso

Ukuzinza kwegridi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukutholakala kukagesi okuthembekile ukuze kunikezwe amandla emakhaya ethu, ezimbonini, kanye namanethiwekhi ezokuthutha. Njengoba umhlaba ushintsha kancane kancane uye emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo, ukuguquguquka kwamandla omoya kanye nelanga kudala izinselele ekuzinzeni kwegridi. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezithuthukisiwe ukuze kulinganiswe igridi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwayo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuguquguquka okukhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kanye nesidingo.

Ushintsho lwamandla oluqhubekayo ludinga ukusuka ezitshalweni zamandla ezivamile ezisebenzisa amandla emvelo ziye kwezinye izindlela ezihlanzekile nezisimeme. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezitshalo zamandla zendabuko, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo incike esimweni sezulu futhi ihlangabezana nokushintshashintsha kokukhishwa kwamandla ayo. Ngakho-ke, kuba yinto ebalulekile ukuvala igebe phakathi kokunikezwa kwamandla okushintshashintshayo kanye nesidingo, lapho izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zingena khona.

II. Ukuqonda Izinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Ebhethri

Ukuze uqonde indima yezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri ekuzinzeni kwegridi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo. Enhliziyweni yazo, lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukugcina ugesi owengeziwe lapho ukukhiqizwa kudlula isidingo bese kamuva zikhulula amandla agciniwe lapho isidingo sidlula ukukhiqizwa. Le nqubo ivumela ibhalansi eqhubekayo phakathi kokunikezwa nesidingo, okuqinisekisa indawo yegridi ezinzile.

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bebhethri buhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene zokugcina ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nomthamo, izilinganiso zamandla, kanye nobude bokukhishwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-lithium-ion, i-lead-acid, ukugeleza kwe-redox, kanye namabhethri e-sodium-sulfur, phakathi kokunye. Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye bunezici ezihlukile maqondana nokusebenza, ukuqina, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezindleko, okunquma ukufaneleka kwawo ezinhlelweni ezithile zokuzinzisa igridi.

III. Izinselele Nezidingo Zokuzinza Kwegridi

Imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, nakuba ibalulekile ekususeni i-carbon emkhakheni wamandla, iveza izinselele ezihlukile mayelana nokuzinza kwegridi. Le mithombo ibonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwayo kanye nokungabikezeleki, okuthonywa ukushintshashintsha kwezimo zezulu kanye nokutholakala kokukhanya kwelanga.

Ukugcina ukuzinza kwegridi kudinga ukubhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokulawulwa kwemvamisa kanye ne-voltage, i-grid inertia, kanye nekhwalithi yamandla. Ukulawulwa kwemvamisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kufanelana nesidingo esisheshayo, kuyilapho ukulawulwa kwe-voltage kusiza ukugcina amazinga e-voltage adingekayo ngaphakathi kwegridi. I-grid inertia ibhekisela kubuningi obujikelezayo bezitshalo zamandla ezivamile ezigcina igridi izinzile ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka, kanti ikhwalithi yamandla iqinisekisa ukugeleza kukagesi okuthembekile nokungaphazanyiswa ngaphandle kokwehla noma ukukhuphuka kwe-voltage.

IV. Iminikelo Yezinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Ebhethri Ekuqineni Kwegridi

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezinegalelo elikhulu ekuzinzeni kwegridi:

A. Ukuguquguquka Kwamandla Avuselelekayo Okushelelayo

Isitoreji sebhethri singanciphisa ukuguquguquka okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa okuvuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, kudonse amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuphezulu futhi kukhululeke ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza okuphansi. Lo mphumela wokulinganisela unciphisa ukucindezeleka kugridi futhi unciphise isidingo sokukhuphuka noma ukwehla ngokushesha kwezitshalo zamandla ezivamile.

B. Ukulawulwa Nokulawulwa Kwemvamisa

Amabhethri angasabela ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwemvamisa yegridi, okwandisa ukuzinza kwegridi. Ngokushaja noma ukukhipha amandla ngenxa yokuphambuka kwemvamisa, isitoreji samandla ebhethri sisekela igridi ngokufaka noma ukumunca amandla ngokushesha, ngaleyo ndlela kuzinzise uhlelo ekuphazamisekeni kwemvamisa.

C. Ukusekelwa kweVoltage kanye nokunxeshezelwa kwamandla asebenzayo

Ngezikhathi zazo zokuphendula okusheshayo kanye namakhono okusebenza kwamandla asebenzayo, izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zingasiza ekulawuleni amazinga kagesi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokuxhumeka kwegridi okubuthakathaka noma okude. Zifaka amandla asebenzayo ukuze ziqinise amandla kagesi, zinciphise ukulahlekelwa, futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwegridi iyonke.

D. Amakhono Okuqalisa Okumnyama

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zinganikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokucinywa kwegridi noma ekuqaliseni kabusha igridi ngemva kokuvalwa ngokuphelele. Njengoba zikwazi ukunikeza amandla ngokushesha, lezi zinhlelo zivumela ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo nokuthembekile kwegridi, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kuthuthukise ukuthembeka kwesistimu.

E. Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwegridi

Ngokufaka isitoreji samandla ebhethri, igridi iba namandla kakhulu ezigamekweni ezingalindelekile njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma ukwehluleka kwemishini. Lezi zinhlelo zingagcina amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile futhi ziwakhulule lapho kudingeka, ziqinisekise ukunikezwa kwamandla okusekelayo ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo futhi zigweme ukuphazamiseka kwesikhathi eside.

V. Izifundo Zezimo: Ukufakwa Kwesitoreji Samandla Ebhethri Ukuze Kuzinze Igridi

Amaphrojekthi amaningana aphawulekayo ezifundeni ezahlukene asebenzise ngempumelelo izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwegridi:

A. Indawo Yokugcina Amandla yaseHornsdale eNingizimu Australia

I-Hornsdale Power Reserve, equkethe ubuchwepheshe bebhethri le-lithium-ion le-Tesla, inikeze izinsizakalo zokuphendula ngokushesha kanye namakhono okuqala ngobumnyama ukuze kuqiniswe igridi yaseNingizimu Australia. Impumelelo yayo ithuthukise kakhulu ukuthembeka kwegridi futhi yavula indlela yamaphrojekthi afanayo emhlabeni jikelele.

Indawo Yokugcina Amandla Okugcina I-Moss Landing yase-B. California

Isikhungo Sokugcina Amandla iMoss Landing Energy singenye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu okugcina amabhethri e-lithium-ion emhlabeni. Lolu hlelo ludlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla eCalifornia, luhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kokuzinza kwegridi, lusiza ngokuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, futhi lusiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokucima kogesi ngezikhathi zokufunwa kakhulu.

Iphrojekthi ka-C. Schwerin yaseJalimane

EJalimane, iSchwerin Project ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri ukuphatha ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo eguquguqukayo kugridi yendawo. Amabhethri asiza ekumunceni amandla elanga amaningi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuphezulu futhi awakhulule njengoba kudingeka, okwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwegridi futhi kuncishiswe ukuncishiswa.

Iphrojekthi ye-D. Greenpoint Avenue yaseDolobheni laseNew York

Iphrojekthi yeGreenpoint Avenue eNew York City ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi isitoreji samandla ebhethri singathuthukisa kanjani ukuthembeka kokunikezwa kwamandla endawo ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu. Ngokukhipha amandla agciniwe ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu, iphrojekthi ihlose ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kugridi nokunciphisa isidingo sengqalasizinda eyengeziwe yegridi.

Idolobha Elihlakaniphile Eliqhubekayo laseFujisawa laseJapan e-E.

I-Fujisawa Sustainable Smart Town iphrojekthi yengqalasizinda ehlanganisa konke ehlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, izinhlelo zokugcina amandla, kanye nobuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile. Ingxenye yokugcina amandla ebhethri iqinisekisa igridi ezinzile ngokulinganisela ukuguquguquka kokukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

VI. Izinselele kanye Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Nakuba isitoreji samandla ebhethri sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuzinzeni kwegridi, izinselele ezithile kusadingeka zixazululwe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kabanzi futhi kwandiswe izinzuzo zayo:

A. Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindleko kanye Nezomnotho

Izindleko zangaphambilini ezihlobene nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zisalokhu ziphezulu, okubeka isithiyo sezezimali ekusetshenzisweni. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhula okukhulayo kwalezi zinhlelo kunciphisa izindleko, okwenza zibe ngcono kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

B. Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe

Imizamo yocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Izinto ezintsha ezihlose ukwanda kobuningi bamandla, isikhathi eside sokuphila, izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha, kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ziyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuzinzisa igridi.

C. Izinhlaka Zemakethe Nezokulawula

Ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri kudinga izakhiwo zemakethe ezisekelayo kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho. Iziqondiso ezicacile mayelana nokwamukela nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokugcina, ukugqugquzela izinsizakalo zegridi, kanye nokwenza lula izinqubo zokugunyazwa kwephrojekthi kubalulekile ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwazo okubanzi kugridi.

VII. Isiphetho

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zivele njengesixazululo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwegridi esikhathini esizayo esilawulwa amandla avuselelekayo. Ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuhlinzeka ngamakhono okuphendula aguquguqukayo futhi asheshayo, lezi zinhlelo zisiza ukulawula imvamisa, ukuzinzisa amazinga kagesi, kanye nokubuyisela ukuguquguquka kokukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngeminikelo yazo ekuzinzeni kwegridi, izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ingqalasizinda yamandla esimeme futhi eqinile. Njengoba izindleko ziqhubeka nokwehla kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ishesha, ukusabalalisa kabanzi kwalezi zinhlelo kulo lonke igridi kuba yinto engenzeka kakhulu, okuqinisa isisekelo sekusasa lamandla elithembekile nelihlanzekile.