zeziphi izixhobo zombane ezi-5

Umbane yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwanamhlanje. Unika amandla amakhaya ethu, amashishini, kunye namashishini, uqhuba ubuchule kunye nenkqubela phambili. Kodwa emva kwezinto ezilula esizithatha lula kukho ihlabathi lezixhobo zombane ezenza konke kube nokwenzeka. Ukususela kwiikhondektha ukuya kwii-insulator, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudluliseleni nasekusebenziseni amandla ombane. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola izixhobo zombane ezintlanu ezibalulekileyo, sixoxe ngeempawu zazo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwihlabathi lombane.

Abaqhubi

Ii-conductors zizinto ezivumela ukuhamba kombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukudlulisa umbane ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, nokuba kudlula kumgca wombane, ibhodi yesekethe, okanye ucingo olulula lombane. I-conductor eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwizicelo zombane yi-copper, eyaziwa ngokuqhuba kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukongeza kwi-copper, ezinye izinyithi ezifana ne-aluminium kunye nesilivere nazo zisetyenziswa njengee-conductor kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Copper lukhetho oludumileyo kwii-conductors ngenxa yokuba ikwazi ukuqhuba umbane kakuhle, ukuguquguquka kwayo, kunye nokuxhathisa ukugqwala. Ukuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu kuvumela ukuhanjiswa kombane ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa ukuguquguquka kwayo kwenza kube lula ukwakheka kwiimo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Ukongeza, ukuxhathisa kwe-copper ukugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ingumqhubi othembekileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha, okwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide kwiinkqubo zombane.

Ukongeza kwii-conductors zesinyithi, kukwakho nee-conductors polymers ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezithile. Ezi polymers zenziwe ngee-molecules ze-organic eziguqulweyo ukuze ziqhube umbane, zibonelela ngenye indlela eguquguqukayo nelula kunee-conductors zesinyithi zendabuko. Nangona zingasetyenziswa rhoqo njengee-conductors zesinyithi, ii-conductors polymers zifumana izicelo ezikhulayo kwiindawo ezifana ne-electronics eguquguqukayo kunye netekhnoloji yokunxiba.

Izigqubutheli

Nangona ii-conductors zivumela ukuhamba kombane, ii-insulators zizinto ezithintela ukuhamba kombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ukutshayiswa kombane, ukuthintela ii-short circuits, kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zombane. Izinto zokukhusela eziqhelekileyo ziquka irabha, iplastiki, iglasi, kunye ne-ceramic, nganye ineempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo.

Irabha yinto yokukhusela esetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nokumelana nokuhanjiswa kombane. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintambo zombane kunye neentambo ukubonelela ngomaleko okhuselayo ojikeleze izinto eziqhuba umbane, ukuthintela umngcipheko wokutshayiswa kombane kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane. Ukongeza kwiipropati zayo zokukhusela umbane, irabha ikwamelana nobushushu kunye nokufuma, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiindawo zokusebenza ezinzima.

Iplastiki, ingakumbi i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), yenye into ethandwayo yokukhusela umbane kwiindlela zombane. I-PVC inika iipropati ezibalaseleyo zokukhusela umbane, kunye nokuba lula, ihlala ixesha elide, kwaye imelana neekhemikhali kunye nokufuma. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nexabiso layo eliphantsi kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho oluqhelekileyo kwiingcingo zokukhusela umbane, iintambo, kunye nezixhobo zombane kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa.

Ii-insulators zeglasi neze-ceramic zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ze-voltage ephezulu, njengemigca yokudlulisa umbane kunye nezikhululo ezingaphantsi. Ezi zinto zibonelela ngobushushu obuhle bombane kunye namandla oomatshini, ezivumela ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nee-voltage eziphezulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezidibana nazo kwezi zicelo. Ii-insulators zeglasi neze-ceramic zenzelwe ukubonelela ngokuthembeka kunye nokhuseleko lwexesha elide kwiziseko zombane ezibalulekileyo.

Ii-semiconductors

Ii-semiconductors zizinto ezinombane oqhuba phakathi komqhubi kunye ne-insulator. Ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki, zisebenza njengesiseko see-transistors, ii-diodes, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo. Izinto ze-semiconductor ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-silicon, eyaziwa ngokuzinza kwayo, ubuninzi bayo, kunye neempawu zombane ezilawulekayo.

I-silicon sisiseko se-elektroniki yanamhlanje, esetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiitships zekhompyutha ukuya kwiiseli zelanga. Ulwakhiwo lwayo oluzinzileyo lwekristale kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuxutywa lula nokungcola ukuze kwenziwe iimpawu ezithile zombane kuyenza ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini le-semiconductor. Ukongeza kwi-silicon, ezinye izixhobo ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-germanium, i-gallium arsenide, kunye ne-silicon carbide zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna iimpawu ezithile zombane.

Iimpawu zombane ezikhethekileyo zee-semiconductors zizenza zibe luncedo kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-elektroniki. Zivumela ulawulo kunye nokwandiswa kwemiqondiso yombane, ukuguqulwa kokukhanya kube ngumbane, kunye nokugcinwa kunye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi ngendlela yedijithali. Ii-semiconductors ziguqule indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, esibala ngayo, kunye nesisebenzisana ngayo nehlabathi, ziqhuba ukuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwetekhnoloji kwixesha lanamhlanje.

Izixhobo zeMagnetic

Izinto zemagnethi zibalulekile kwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki, zidlala indima ephambili ekudalweni, ekudlulisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwamandla ombane. Zisetyenziswa kwiimoto zombane, kwiitransformer, kwiijenereyitha, nakwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo ezixhomekeke kumandla emagnethi ukuze zisebenze. Izinto zemagnethi eziqhelekileyo ziquka isinyithi, isinyithi, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kunye nee-alloys ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineempawu zemagnethi ezizodwa ezenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo.

Intsimbi kunye nentsimbi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni ii-magnetic cores zee-transformers kunye nee-electrical motors ngenxa yokungena kwazo okuphezulu kwe-magnetic kunye nokulahleka kwe-hysteresis ephantsi. Ezi mpawu zizenza zisebenze kakuhle ekugxileni nasekuqhubeni i-magnetic flux, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwamandla ombane ngempumelelo kwezi zixhobo. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zazo ze-magnetic, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi nazo ziyafumaneka kwaye zingabizi kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe lukhetho olusebenzayo kwizixhobo zombane ezinkulu.

I-Nickel kunye nee-alloys zayo zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna i-magnetic permeability ephezulu, ezifana ne-magnetic shielding kunye nee-transformers ezikhethekileyo. Amandla e-Nickel okuqhuba i-magnetic flux ngempumelelo ngelixa echasa imiphumo ye-eddy currents kunye ne-hysteresis yenza ukuba ifaneleke kwezi zicelo. Ukongeza, ii-alloys ze-nickel zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo, uzinzo lobushushu, kunye namandla oomatshini, okuvumela ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiindawo zombane ezifuna amandla.

Izixhobo zemagnethi ezisekelwe kwiCobalt zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna amandla aphezulu okuqhuba, njengeemagnethi ezihlala ixesha elide kunye nezixhobo zokugcina amandla okuqhuba. ICobalt inikezela ngokudibanisa okwahlukileyo kokuqina kwamandla okuqhuba, amandla aphezulu okuqhuba, kunye nokuzinza kobushushu, okwenza kube lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwezi zicelo. Iimagnethi zeCobalt zibalulekile kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki, ukusuka kwiidiski ezinzima ukuya kwiimoto zombane, apho zibonelela ngokusebenza kwamandla okuqhuba okuthembekileyo nokuhlala ixesha elide.

Izixhobo zeDielectric

Izixhobo ze-dielectric zizixhobo ezingasebenzisi mbane ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina nokusasaza amandla ombane kwii-capacitors nakwezinye izixhobo zombane. Zenzelwe ukumelana namanqanaba aphezulu ombane ngaphandle kokuwohloka, nto leyo ezenza zibe yimfuneko ekugcineni amandla, ukulungiswa kwamandla, kunye nokufakelwa kombane. Izixhobo ze-dielectric eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-ceramic, iphepha, iplastiki, kunye nee-metal oxides ezithile, nganye ineempawu ezithile ezenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo.

Izixhobo zeseramikhi, ezifana nee-capacitors zeseramikhi, zibonelela ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo, uzinzo, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe lukhetho oludumileyo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ii-capacitors zeseramikhi zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, ukusuka kwii-elektroniki zabathengi ukuya kwiinkqubo zeemoto kunye neenqwelo-moya, zibonelela ngokugcinwa kwamandla, ukucoca, kunye nokulungiswa kwesignali. Iimpawu ze-dielectric zezinto zeseramikhi zivumela ukugcinwa kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla ombane ngokufanelekileyo kwezi zixhobo.

Izixhobo ze-dielectric ezisekelwe ephepheni zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-insulation yombane kunye nee-capacitors ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu e-dielectric, ukuguquguquka, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Nangona zingaqhelekanga njengoko zazinjalo ngaphambili, ii-capacitors zephepha zisafumana izicelo kwiindawo ezithile, ezinje ngezixhobo zamandla eziphezulu kunye neenkqubo zokusasazwa kombane. Ukusetyenziswa kwephepha njengesixhobo se-dielectric kususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zobunjineli bombane kwaye kuyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile.

Ii-capacitor zefilimu zeplastiki ziyindlela ethandwayo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki zanamhlanje, zibonelela ngokumelana okuphezulu kobushushu, iimpawu zokuziphilisa, kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide. Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya izixhobo zamandla, izibane, kunye nonxibelelwano, zibonelela ngokugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokulungiswa kwamandla. Ii-capacitor zefilimu zeplastiki zenzelwe ukumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zombane.

Ngamafutshane, izixhobo zombane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki, ukusuka kwii-conductors ezithumela umbane ukuya kwi-insulators ezikhusela ukushaqeka kombane, ukusuka kwi-semiconductors ezilawula kwaye zikhulise imiqondiso yombane ukuya kwizixhobo ze-magnetic kunye ne-dielectric ezigcina kwaye zisasaze amandla ombane. Ukuqonda iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kubalulekile kuyilo, ukusebenza, kunye nokugcinwa kweenkqubo zombane kumashishini amaninzi. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubeka ihambela phambili, uphuhliso lwezixhobo zombane ezintsha neziphuculweyo luya kuqhuba ubuchule obungakumbi kwicandelo lombane kunye ne-elektroniki.