yiziphi izinto zikagesi ezi-5

Ugesi uyingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi wanamuhla. Unika amandla amakhaya ethu, amabhizinisi, kanye nezimboni, uqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko. Kodwa ngemuva kwezinto ezilula esizithatha kalula kukhona umhlaba wezinto zikagesi ezenza konke kube nokwenzeka. Kusukela kubaqondisi kuya kubavikeli, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekudlulisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kagesi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinto zikagesi ezinhlanu ezibalulekile, sixoxe ngezakhiwo zazo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo emhlabeni kagesi.

Abaqhubi

Ama-conductor ayizinto ezivumela ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi. Asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ugesi kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungomugqa kagesi, ibhodi lesifunda, noma ucingo olulula lukagesi. I-conductor evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa zikagesi yithusi, eyaziwa ngokuqhuba kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ngaphezu kwethusi, ezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium nesiliva nazo zisetshenziswa njengeziqondisi ezisetshenziswayo ezahlukahlukene.

Ithusi liyisinqumo esithandwayo sabaqondisi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwalo okuhle kakhulu kukagesi, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukuguquguquka kwalo okuphezulu kuvumela ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi ngempumelelo, kuyilapho ukuguquguquka kwalo kwenza kube lula ukwakheka ngezimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana kwethusi nokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuthi lihlala lingumqhubi othembekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza libe yindawo ekahle yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ezinhlelweni zikagesi.

Ngaphezu kwama-conductor ensimbi, kukhona nama-polymer aqhubayo asetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lawa ma-polymer akhiwe ngama-molecule e-organic ashintshiwe ukuze aqhube ugesi, anikeza okunye okuguquguqukayo nokulula kune-conductor yensimbi yendabuko. Nakuba engasetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-conductor yensimbi, ama-polymer aqhubayo athola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezandayo ezindaweni ezifana ne-electronics eguquguqukayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obugqokwayo.

Izivikeli

Nakuba ama-conductor evumela ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi, ama-insulator ayizinto ezivimbela ukugeleza kukagesi. Asetshenziselwa ukuvikela ekushaqekeni kukagesi, ukuvimbela izifunda ezimfushane, nokugcina ubuqotho bezinhlelo zikagesi. Izinto ezivamile zokuvimbela zihlanganisa irabha, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, kanye ne-ceramic, ngayinye inikeza izakhiwo ezihlukile ezenza zifanelekele izinhlelo ezahlukene.

Irabha iyinto yokuvikela esetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuqina kwayo, kanye nokumelana nokuhanjiswa kukagesi. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezintanjeni zikagesi nasezintanjeni ukuze inikeze ungqimba oluvikelayo oluzungeze izinto eziqhuba ugesi, ukuvimbela ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi kanye nezifunda ezimfushane. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zayo zokuvikela ugesi, irabha nayo imelana nokushisa kanye nomswakama, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu ezindaweni zokusebenza ezinzima.

Ipulasitiki, ikakhulukazi i-polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC), ingenye into ethandwayo yokuvikela ukushisa ezisetshenziswa zikagesi. I-PVC inikeza izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvikela ukushisa kagesi, kanye nokuba lula, okuhlala isikhathi eside, nokumelana namakhemikhali kanye nomswakama. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nezindleko zayo eziphansi kwenza kube ukukhetha okuvamile kwezintambo zokuvikela ukushisa, izintambo, namadivayisi kagesi ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo.

Izivikeli zengilazi neze-ceramic zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-voltage ephezulu, njengemigqa yokudlulisa amandla kanye neziteshi ezincane. Lezi zinto zinikeza ukuvikelwa kukagesi okuhle kakhulu kanye namandla omshini, okuvumela ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana nama-voltage aphezulu kanye nezimo zemvelo ezihlangabezana nazo kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Izivikeli zengilazi neze-ceramic zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuthembeka nokuphepha kwesikhathi eside engqalasizinda kagesi ebalulekile.

Ama-semiconductor

Ama-semiconductor ayizinto ezinokudlulisa ugesi phakathi komqhubi kanye ne-insulator. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile kumadivayisi kagesi, zisebenza njengesisekelo sama-transistors, ama-diode, kanye namasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Izinto ze-semiconductor ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-silicon, eyaziwa ngokuzinza kwayo, ubuningi bayo, kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi ezilawulekayo.

I-silicon iyisisekelo sezinto zikagesi zesimanje, ezisetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela kuma-computer chips kuya kuma-solar cells. Isakhiwo sayo esiqinile se-crystalline kanye nekhono lokuxutshwa kalula nokungcola ukuze kudalwe izici ezithile zikagesi kuyenza ibe yinto ebalulekile embonini ye-semiconductor. Ngaphezu kwe-silicon, ezinye izinto ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-germanium, i-gallium arsenide, kanye ne-silicon carbide zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezidinga izakhiwo ezithile zikagesi.

Izakhiwo zikagesi eziyingqayizivele zama-semiconductor zizenza zibe usizo olukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamadivayisi kagesi. Zivumela ukulawula nokukhulisa izimpawu zikagesi, ukuguqulwa kokukhanya kube ugesi, kanye nokugcinwa nokucubungula ulwazi ngendlela yedijithali. Ama-semiconductor ashintshe indlela esixhumana ngayo, esibala ngayo, futhi esixhumana ngayo nomhlaba, eqhuba intuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe enkathini yanamuhla.

Izinto Ezingumakhi

Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi zibalulekile kumadivayisi kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni, ekudluliseni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kagesi. Zisetshenziswa kuma-motor kagesi, kuma-transformer, kuma-generator, nakwamanye amadivayisi ahlukahlukene athembele kuma-magnetic field ukuze asebenze. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ngogesi zihlanganisa insimbi, insimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kanye nama-alloy ahlukahlukene, ngalinye linezakhiwo ezihlukile zogesi ezenza zifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.

Insimbi nensimbi kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-cores kazibuthe ama-transformer nama-motor kagesi ngenxa yokungena kwawo okuphezulu kwamandla kazibuthe kanye nokulahleka kwe-hysteresis okuphansi. Lezi zakhiwo zizenza zikwazi ukugxila kahle nasekuqhubeni i-magnetic flux, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwamandla kagesi ngempumelelo kulawa madivayisi. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zawo kazibuthe, insimbi nensimbi nazo zitholakala kalula futhi zingabizi kakhulu, okwenza kube ukukhetha okusebenzayo kwemishini kagesi emikhulu.

I-Nickel kanye nama-alloy ayo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuvuleka okuphezulu kwe-magnetic, njengokuvikela i-magnetic kanye nama-transformer akhethekile. Ikhono le-Nickel lokuqhuba i-magnetic flux ngempumelelo ngenkathi imelana nemiphumela ye-eddy currents kanye ne-hysteresis lenza ifaneleke kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alloy e-nickel anikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala, ukuzinza kokushisa, kanye namandla omshini, okuvumela ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside ezindaweni zikagesi ezidinga amandla.

Izinto ezisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe ezisekelwe ku-Cobalt zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga amandla amakhulu, njengezibuthe ezihlala njalo namadivayisi okugcina amandla kazibuthe. I-Cobalt inikeza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokugcwala kwamandla kazibuthe aphezulu, amandla aphezulu, kanye nokuzinza kokushisa, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Ama-magnet e-Cobalt abalulekile kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, kusukela kuma-hard disk drive kuya kuma-motor kagesi, lapho enikeza khona ukusebenza kwamandla kazibuthe okuthembekile nokuhlala isikhathi eside.

Izinto Zokusebenza Ngogesi

Izinto ze-dielectric ziyizinto ezingadingi ugesi ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina nokusabalalisa amandla kagesi kuma-capacitor nakwamanye amadivayisi kagesi. Zenzelwe ukumelana nezinkundla zikagesi eziphezulu ngaphandle kokuphuka, okwenza zibe ezibalulekile ekugcineni amandla, ukulungiswa kwamandla, kanye nokufakwa kogesi. Izinto ze-dielectric ezivamile zifaka i-ceramic, iphepha, ipulasitiki, kanye nama-metal oxide athile, ngalinye linikeza izakhiwo ezithile ezenza zifaneleke ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile.

Izinto zobumba, njenge-ceramic capacitors, zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwemvamisa ephezulu, ukuzinza, kanye nokuthembeka, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwamadivayisi kagesi. Ama-ceramic capacitors asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kusukela kuma-electronics abathengi kuya ezinhlelweni zezimoto nezindiza, ahlinzeka ngokugcinwa kwamandla, ukuhlunga, kanye nokulungiswa kwesignali. Izakhiwo ze-dielectric zezinto zobumba zivumela ukugcinwa nokukhululwa kwamandla kagesi okusebenzayo kulawa madivayisi.

Izinto zokwenziwa kwe-dielectric ezisekelwe ephepheni zisetshenziswe kabanzi ekufakweni kokushisa kukagesi kanye nama-capacitor ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu e-dielectric, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Nakuba zingajwayelekile njengoba zazinjalo ngaphambili, ama-capacitor ephepha asathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezithile, njengezinsiza zamandla aphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa ugesi. Ukusetshenziswa kwephepha njengento yokwenza i-dielectric kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zobunjiniyela bukagesi futhi kuyaqhubeka nokunikeza izixazululo ezisebenzayo ezinhlelweni ezithile.

Ama-capacitor efilimu yepulasitiki ayisinqumo esithandwayo samadivayisi esimanje kagesi, anikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kokushisa, izakhiwo zokuziphilisa, kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kufaka phakathi izinsiza zikagesi, ukukhanyisa, kanye nokuxhumana ngocingo, ahlinzeka ngesitoreji samandla kanye nokulungiswa kwamandla. Ama-capacitor efilimu yepulasitiki aklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo eziningi zemvelo, okwenza afaneleke ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zikagesi ezahlukahlukene.

Ngamafuphi, izinto zikagesi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamadivayisi kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi, kusukela kuma-conductor adlulisela ugesi kuya kuma-insulator avikela ukushaqeka kukagesi, kusukela kuma-semiconductor alawula futhi akhulise izimpawu zikagesi kuya ezintweni zikagesi nezikagesi ezigcina futhi zisabalalise amandla kagesi. Ukuqonda izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kubalulekile ekwakhiweni, ekusebenzeni, nasekugcinweni kwezinhlelo zikagesi ezimbonini eziningi ezahlukene. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zikagesi ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe kuzoqhubekisela phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha emkhakheni kagesi kanye ne-elekthronikhi.