IiMfuno zoKhuseleko lweTransformer: Ukuthotyelwa kunye neZenzo ezilungileyo

Iinguqu ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo zombane, ezibonelela ngokusasazwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwabo aluxoxiswana, xa kujongwe iingozi ezinokubakho ezinokuthi zenze ukuba zingaphathwa kakuhle. Eli nqaku ligocagoca kwiimfuno zokhuseleko loguqulo, ukuthotyelwa, kunye neendlela ezingcono zokukhusela abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo. Nokuba uligcisa kwishishini okanye unomdla nje, esi sikhokelo sibanzi sijolise ekukhanyiseleni imiba ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lwesiguquli.

Ukuqonda iMigangatho yoKhuseleko yeTransformer eSisiseko

Imigangatho yokhuseleko yeTransformer yenza isiseko sokugcina isiseko sombane esikhuselekileyo nesisebenzayo. Amaqumrhu angamazwe ngamazwe, afana neKomishoni yoMbane yeHlabathi (i-IEC) kunye neZiko leeNjineli zoMbane nezoMbane (IEEE), amisela izikhokelo ekufuneka abavelisi kunye nabaqhubi bazithobele.

I-IEC 60076, umzekelo, ngumgangatho obalulekileyo ogxile kwiziguquli zamandla. Lo mgangatho uchaza iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko, kubandakanywa ingqibelelo yesakhiwo se-transformer, umgangatho we-insulation, kunye nokusebenza kwe-thermal. Ukuqonda ezi zikhokelo kubalulekile kubavelisi ekufuneka baqinisekise ukuba uyilo kunye neemveliso zabo zithobela imigaqo yokhuseleko engqongqo. Ukungathobeli akubeki emngciphekweni ukhuseleko kuphela kodwa kunokukhokelela kwimilinganiselo yomthetho kunye nelahleko yemali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imigangatho ye-IEEE, efana ne-IEEE C57, ibonelela ngezikhokelo ezongezelelweyo zokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-transformer kunye nokhuseleko. Ijongana nayo yonke into ukusuka kwiimvavanyo zokuxilonga ukuya kulondolozo lokusebenza. Ngokuthobela le migangatho, abaqhubi banokunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ukusilela kwe-transformer, oku kunokukhokelela kwiziganeko eziyingozi ezifana nomlilo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kombane ngokubanzi.

Ngaphaya koko, ukuqonda le migangatho ayiloxanduva lweenjineli kuphela. Ukufundisa abasebenzi bezobugcisa kunye nabenzi bezigqibo malunga nezi mfuno kuqinisekisa ukuba iiprothokholi zokhuseleko zihlanganiswe kuwo onke amanqanaba okusebenza, ukusuka ekuthengeni ukuya kulawulo lwemihla ngemihla. Le ndlela yokujongana nayo yonke into inciphisa imingcipheko kwaye yandisa ubomi bokusebenza beziguquli.

Ukuthobela le migangatho akumi ndawonye; zihlaziywa rhoqo ukuze zibandakanye inkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe kunye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko ezivelayo. Ukuhlala usesikhathini ngolu tshintsho kubalulekile ukuze kuthotyelwe ngokuqhubekayo. Nokuba kungenxa yemfundo eqhubekayo, iinkomfa zeshishini, okanye ukubonisana neengcali, ukuhlala unolwazi kungenza umahluko omkhulu ekugcineni umsebenzi okhuselekileyo nothobelayo.

Ukubaluleka kokuLondolozwa rhoqo kunye noHlolo

Ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo ziinkqubo ezibalulekileyo eziqinisekisa ubomi obude kunye nokhuseleko lweziguquli. Ukufunyaniswa kwangethuba kwemiba kunokuthintela iingxaki ezincinci ukuba zinyuke ziye kukusilela okukhulu, ngaloo ndlela kukhuselwe abantu kunye nezixhobo.

Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yolondolozo kuvavanyo lwe-oyile. Ioyile yeTransformer isebenza njenge-insulator kunye nesipholisi, kwaye imeko yayo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwe-transformer kunye nokhuseleko. Ngovavanyo lwamaxesha athile, imiba enjengokufuma, ukonakaliswa kwe-insulation, kunye nobukho beegesi ezinyityilisiweyo inokuchongwa. Izixhobo zokuxilonga eziphucukileyo, ezifana ne-Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), zivumela ukubonwa kwangaphambili kweempazamo ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekungaphumelelini okuyingozi.

Ukuhlolwa okubonwayo yenye isiseko senkqubo yolondolozo eyomeleleyo. Oku kufuneka kubandakanye ukukhangela umonakalo wangaphandle, ukuvuza, kunye neempawu zokushisa. Amacandelo afana ne-bushings, i-conservators, kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa kufuneka zihlolwe ngononophelo. Nokuba umonakalo omncinci kwiindawo zangaphandle unokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwe-transformer, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulungisa imiba enjalo ngokukhawuleza.

Uphando lweThermographic lunikeza omnye umaleko wokhuseleko. Ngokusebenzisa iikhamera ze-infrared ukukhangela iindawo ezishushu, abaqhubi banokuchonga iindawo zokusilela okuza kwenzeka. Olu phando luxabiseke kakhulu ekuboneni iingxaki ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, zenza ungenelelo olujoliswe kuyo phambi kokuba ukusilela okupheleleyo kwenzeke.

Ngaphezu koko, uvavanyo lombane lwesiqhelo, kubandakanywa novavanyo lokumelana nobushushu kunye novavanyo lokutshintsha komlinganiselo, luqinisekisa ukuba izinto zangaphakathi zesiguquli zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Olu vavanyo lunceda ekuchongeni imiba enje ngeengxaki zokujija okanye ukuwohloka kwe-insulation, nto leyo enokukhokelela ngokukhawuleza kukusilela okuyintlekele ukuba ayilungiswanga.

Ngokuthobela ishedyuli yokugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo, abaqhubi banokwandisa kakhulu ubomi bokusebenza kwabaguquli. Kwakhona kunenzuzo ukugcina irekhodi eneenkcukacha zonke iimvavanyo, ukulungiswa, kunye nokuhlolwa. La maxwebhu anceda ekulandeleni imeko ye-transformer ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuququzelela ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nexesha lokwenziwa kogcino lothintelo okanye nokuba kuhlalwa nini na izixhobo zokuguga.

Ukusebenzisa iZixhobo zoKhuseleko kunye neeNkqubo

Izixhobo zokukhusela kunye neenkqubo ziyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwe-transformer. Ezi ndlela zisebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokukhusela kwiingozi ezinokubakho, ukufumanisa iziphene kunye nokuvala inkqubo yokukhusela umonakalo okanye umlilo.

Esinye isixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokukhusela yi-Buchholz relay, esetyenziswa kwii-transformers ezizaliswe ngeoli. Ibona ukuqokelela kwegesi okanye ukunyakaza kweoli okubangelwa iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwe-transformer. Xa iziganeko ezinjalo zisenzeka, i-relay ibangela i-alamu okanye ihambe isiphaluka ukuze ihlukanise i-transformer, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela ukungaphumeleli okukhulu. Ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekileyo, ukuvavanywa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-Buchholz relay kubalulekile.

Iisistim zokhuseleko lwangoku lolunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lokhuseleko. Abaguquli basengozini kwi-overcurrents ebangelwa yimijikelezo emfutshane okanye iimeko zomthwalo ogqithisileyo. Ugqithiso olugqithisiweyo lubona ezi mpazamo kwaye luqhawule uqhagamshelo kumthombo wamandla, ngaloo ndlela luthintela umonakalo. Ezi nkqubo zinokulungiswa kakuhle kwiiparameters ezithile zokusebenza ze-transformer, ukubonelela umnatha okhuselekileyo okhuselekileyo.

Ukhuseleko lobushushu lubalulekile ngokulinganayo. Ukushisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunokukhokelela kumonakalo omkhulu okanye kwanomlilo. Izixhobo zokukhusela i-thermal zihlola amanqanaba obushushu kwaye zivule iinkqubo zokupholisa okanye zivuse i-alamu ukuba amaqondo obushushu adlula imida ekhuselekileyo. Iziguquli zala maxesha zihlala zixhotyiswe ngeendlela zokupholisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kubandakanywa umoya onyanzelwayo okanye ukupholisa kwe-oyile, ukulawula ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo.

Izixhobo zokukhusela iSurgery nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iziguquli zinokuvezwa kwi-voltage spikes ezibangelwa ngumbane okanye imisebenzi yokutshintsha. Izibambi zotyando ziphambukisa la mandla ombane agqithileyo kude ne-transformer, ekhusela izixhobo kunye nenkqubo yombane ebanzi.

Ngaphaya koko, iinguqu ezininzi zale mihla zibandakanya iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zedijithali ezixhotyiswe ngeenzwa kunye nokukwazi ukuhlalutya idatha. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngolwazi lwexesha langempela malunga nemeko ye-transformer, ivumela izicwangciso zokulondoloza ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuhlala ubeka iliso kwizinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nobushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nomthwalo wombane, ezi nkqubo zedijithali zinokulumkisa abaqhubi kwimiba enokubakho ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinto ebalulekileyo.

Utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zokukhusela ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neenkqubo ezingenakuxoxisana kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi oxhomekeke kwi-transformers. Ngokudibanisa ngempumelelo ezi zikhuselo, abaqhubi banokuqinisekisa ixesha elide lezixhobo zabo kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi babo.

Imigaqo yoQeqesho noKhuseleko kuBasebenzi

Iiprothokholi zoqeqesho nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi zibalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kweetransfomi. Kwanezona nkqubo ziphezulu zokhuseleko kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela zisebenza kuphela njengabantu abazilawulayo.

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho olubanzi kufuneka zibandakanye ulwazi lwethiyori kunye nezakhono zokusebenza. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqonde imigaqo esisiseko yokusebenza kwenguqu, ukubaluleka kwemigangatho yokhuseleko, kunye neengozi ezinokubakho ezibandakanyekayo. Ulwazi lwezixhobo zokukhusela, iinkqubo zokulondoloza, kunye neeprothokholi zokusabela ngokukhawuleza kufuneka zibe yinxalenye yekharityhulam.

Iiseshoni zoqeqesho oluqhutywa ngezandla zixabiseke kakhulu. Ezi zinokulinganisa iimeko zobomi bokwenyani, zivumela abasebenzi ukuba baziqhelanise nokusabela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeempazamo kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ngokuziqhelanisa neenkqubo zokuvalwa konxunguphalo, ukuxilongwa kwempazamo, kunye namanyathelo oncedo lokuqala, abasebenzi banokusabela ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko zobunzima, banciphise imingcipheko kubo bobabini kunye nezixhobo.

Uqheliselo lokhuseleko kunye nophicotho lubonelela ngovavanyo oluqhubekayo lokuba abasebenzi babambelela kakuhle kangakanani na kwiiprothokholi zokhuseleko. Uqeqesho lwarhoqo luqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bahlala benobuchule kwiinkqubo zongxamiseko, ngelixa uphicotho-zincwadi lunokuchonga iindawo apho uqeqesho olongezelelweyo lunokufuneka khona. Ingxelo evela kule misebenzi ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa kakuhle iinkqubo zokhuseleko kunye nokujongana nayo nayiphi na impazamo kwinkqubo okanye ukuqonda.

Kukwabalulekile ukuba abasebenzi baqhelane nezixhobo zokuzikhusela (PPE). Ngokuxhomekeke kwiindima zabo, abasebenzi banokufuna ukunxiba iiglavu ezikhuselayo, izikhuselo zobuso, okanye iimpahla ezikhuselayo ze-arc-flash. Ukutshekishwa rhoqo kufuneka kuqinisekise ukuba esi sixhobo sikwimeko entle kwaye siyifanele imisebenzi esiyenzayo.

Ukudala inkcubeko yokhuseleko kufuna okungaphezulu nje kweeseshoni zoqeqesho-kubandakanya unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo kunye nokuzinikela okwabelwana ngako kukhuseleko kuwo onke amanqanaba ombutho. Abaphathi kufuneka bakhokele ngokuba ngumzekelo, begxininisa ngokuthe gqolo ukubaluleka kwemigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nokubonelela ngenkuthazo yokubamba. Imijelo yonxibelelwano evulelekileyo kufuneka igcinwe ukuze abasebenzi baxele izinto ezibaxhalabisayo ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kokoyika impindezelo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlala uhlaziywa ngenkqubela phambili yeshishini kunye notshintsho lolawulo lubalulekile. Iikhosi zokuhlaziya rhoqo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiisemina zoshishino, kunye namathuba okufunda aqhubekayo aqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bagcinwa benolwazi ngezinto ezintsha ezitsha zokhuseleko kunye neemfuno. Ngokuxhobisa abasebenzi ngolwazi lwangoku kunye nezakhono, imibutho inokunciphisa imingcipheko kwaye ikhuthaze indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.

Uvavanyo loMngcipheko kunye noCwangciso lweeMpendulo zezehlo

Uvavanyo oluluqilima lomngcipheko kunye nesicwangciso sokuphendula isiganeko sisixhobo solawulo olusebenzayo lokhuseleko loguqulo. Ukuchonga iingozi ezinokubakho kunye nokuphuhlisa impendulo yeqhinga kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza kwiziganeko.

Uvavanyo lomngcipheko luqala ngokuchonga zonke iindlela zokungaphumeleli ezinokubakho kunye neengozi. Oku kubandakanya iziphene zombane, ukufudumeza, ukuvuza kweoyile, kunye nezinto zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo ezifana nokubetha kwemibane okanye izikhukhula. Izixhobo zovavanyo olubanzi lomngcipheko, njengeNdlela yokuSilela kunye noHlalutyo lweeMpembelelo (FMEA), zingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kunye nempembelelo yomngcipheko ngamnye ochongiweyo. Olu vavanyo lunceda ukubeka phambili ukuba yeyiphi imingcipheko efuna ingqwalasela ekhawulezileyo kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso zokunciphisa.

Nje ukuba kuchongwe imingcipheko, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuphumeza amanyathelo okuthintela. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo, ukongezwa kwezixhobo zokukhusela, okanye ukuguqula iinkqubo zokusebenza. Umzekelo, ukufaka iinkqubo zokupholisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufudumeza, ngelixa izikhuseli zotyando zinokunciphisa impembelelo ye-voltage spikes.

Isicwangciso sempendulo yesiganeko sibaluleke ngokufanayo. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka siquke iinkqubo zothintelo olukhawulezileyo, ukubekwa bucala kweempazamo, kunye nokubuyisela inkqubo. Amacandelo aphambili esicwangciso sokuphendula abandakanya ukuseka amajelo onxibelelwano acacileyo, iindima ezichazwe kwangaphambili kunye noxanduva lwamaqela okuphendula, kunye neenkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokuvala ngokukhuselekileyo izixhobo ezingasebenziyo. Ukuqhuba rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa kunokuvavanya ukusebenza kwezi zicwangciso kwaye kuncede amaqela aphucule izicwangciso zabo zokuphendula.

Impendulo yesiganeko esisebenzayo ibandakanya ukusebenzisana kunye nee-arhente zangaphandle, ezifana namasebe omlilo kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zendawo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abaphenduli bangaphandle baqhelana neengozi ezithile ezinxulumene nabaguquli kwaye banokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukuseka izivumelwano zokuncedisana kunye namaziko angabamelwane kunokubonelela ngenkxaso eyongezelelweyo ngexesha longxamiseko olukhulu.

Ukugawulwa nokuhlalutya iziganeko ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo adla ngokungasiwa so. Emva kwesiganeko, uphando olucokisekileyo lunokutyhila unobangela osisiseko kwaye lunike ulwazi lokuthintela ukwenzeka kwekamva. Le datha kufuneka irekhodwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye ihlaziywe rhoqo ukucokisa iiprothokholi zovavanyo lomngcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zokuphendula izehlo rhoqo.

Ngokudibanisa uvavanyo oluluqilima lomngcipheko kunye nesicwangciso esibanzi sokuphendula isiganeko, imibutho inokuphucula kakhulu imilinganiselo yokukhusela i-transformer. Le ndlela yokwenza izinto inciphisa iingozi ezinokwenzeka kwaye iqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle, impendulo esebenzayo xa iziganeko zisenzeka.

Isishwankathelo, ukhuseleko lwe-transformer alukwazi ukugqithiswa. Imigangatho yokhuseleko olusisiseko, ukugcinwa rhoqo, izixhobo zokukhusela, uqeqesho lwabasebenzi, kunye novavanyo olucokisekileyo lomngcipheko ngokudibeneyo zenza iintsika zesicwangciso sokhuseleko esibanzi. Njengoko iteknoloji kunye nemigangatho yoshishino iguquka, ukuhlala unolwazi malunga nophuhliso lwamva nje kubalulekile ukugcina eyona migangatho iphezulu yokhuseleko. Ngokuphumeza ezi ndlela zilungileyo, abaqhubi banokuqinisekisa ixesha elide kunye nokuthembeka kweenguqu zabo ngelixa bekhusela abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo.