Kutheni zibalulekile ii-transformers?

Yintoni isiXhobo seTransformer?

Iziguquli zizixhobo zombane ezisebenza kwimigaqo yokufakelwa kombane ukuhambisa amandla ombane phakathi kweesekethe ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ziquka iikhoyili ezimbini eziphambili zocingo ezaziwa ngokuba ziindawo ezijikajikayo eziziiprayimari kunye nezesibini, ezijijelwe kumbindi wemagnethi eqhelekileyo. Umoya ophambili uqhagamshelwe kumthombo wombane wegalelo, ngelixa i-winding yesibini iqhagamshelwe kumthwalo okanye kwisekethe yokuphuma.

Umgaqo osisiseko emva kwee-transformers kukutshintsha inqanaba lombane wamandla ombane. Xa i-alternating current (AC) iqukuqela kwi-primary winding, idala i-magnetic field kumbindi. Lo mmandla uzibuthe ubangela ukuba kubekho amandla ombane kwi-winding yesibini ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetic induction. Umlinganiselo wenani lokujika kwi-winding ephambili ukuya kwinani lokujika kwi-winding yesibini limisela umlinganiselo wokuguqulwa kwamandla ombane. Abaguquli banokunyuka (ukunyusa) okanye behle (banciphise) amanqanaba ombane, okubenza babaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenguqu ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zoshishino

1 Ukuhanjiswa kweZiguquleli: Ifunyenwe kwizitishi ezisezantsi kunye nakwinqanaba lobumelwane, iziguquli zokusasaza zinciphisa ngakumbi i-voltage ukuya kumanqanaba afunekayo kusetyenziso lwezindlu kunye nezorhwebo. Iziguquli zokusasaza ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinceda ekuqinisekiseni unikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo kubathengi.

2. Iinguqu zamandla: La ngamahashe okusebenza kwigridi yombane, enoxanduva lokuhambisa amandla ombane kumgama omde. Banyusa amandla ombane ukuze bahambise umgama omde ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bawuhlise kwakhona ukuze basasazeke kwindawo. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho weziguquli zamandla kubalulekile ekugcineni unikezelo lombane oluthembekileyo.

3. Iziguquli zesixhobo: Ezi ziguquli zikhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa nokukhusela iisekethe zombane. Ii-transformers zangoku (CTs) kunye nee-voltage transformers (VTs) ziindidi ezimbini eziqhelekileyo. Zibalulekile kumlinganiso ochanekileyo, ukubeka iliso, kunye nokukhusela izixhobo zemizi-mveliso.

4. Iziguquli zokwahlulwa: Ihlala isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezonyango ezibuthathaka, iziguquli zokwahlula zibonelela ngombane wokwahlula phakathi kweyona ndlela iphambili neyesibini. Oku kwahlula kukhusela izixhobo kwingxolo yombane, kwizandi, kunye nezinye iziphazamiso.

5. Iinguqu ezizenzekelayo: Ezi iinguqu ezikumgangatho ophezulu ibenomoya omnye oneempompo ezininzi, okuvumela uluhlu lwamanqanaba ombane ophumayo. I-Auto transformers isetyenziselwa izicelo apho ulawulo lwe-voltage eguquguqukayo luyimfuneko, njengokulawulwa kombane kwiinkqubo zoshishino.

6. I-Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers: Iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso zinokufuna amanqanaba ombane athile, kwaye i-step-up okanye i-step-down transformers isetyenziselwa ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno. Iziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zokunyuka kunye nokuhla ziqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo, ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni.

Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-transformer ezisetyenziswa kwimimiselo yezoshishino kubalulekile kuba uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ngenjongo ethile. Ukukhethwa kwe-transformer kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zombane, iimpawu zomthwalo, kunye nesiseko sombane esipheleleyo sendawo yoshishino. Iinguqu ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezilungiselelwe ezi mfuno zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka.

Kutheni uMgangatho ubalulekile: IiNzuzo zeSixhobo soGuqulelo soMgangatho oPhezulu

A. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle

Umgangatho ophezulu izixhobo zesiguquli igalelo elibonakalayo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwizicwangciso zemizi-mveliso. Nantsi indlela:

1. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla: Iziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zenzelwe ukuchaneka kunye nezinto ezingcono, ezikhokelela ekulahlekeni kwengundoqo kunye nobhedu ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwamandla. Oku kuguqulela ekuncitshisweni kokuchithwa kwamandla, amatyala aphantsi ombane, kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo.

2. Ummiselo ozinzileyo wamandla ombane:Abaguquli bomgangatho bagcina i-voltage ephumayo ezinzileyo naphantsi kweemeko zomthwalo ohlukeneyo. Oku kungaguquguquki kubalulekile kwizixhobo zemizi-mveliso ezinovakalelo, ziqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngaphakathi koluhlu lwamandla ombane oluchaziweyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

3. Ixesha lokuphumla elincitshisiweyo: Abaguquli abathembekileyo abafanelwanga kukungaphumeleli okungalindelekanga. Oku kucutha ixesha lokuphumla kukhokelela kwiinkqubo zemveliso ezingaphazamisekiyo, ukunciphisa ilahleko yemveliso eneendleko eziphezulu kunye neendleko zokulondoloza.

4. Ukusebenza Ngokugqibeleleyo: Iziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zenzelwe ukujongana nomthwalo olinganisiweyo ngaphandle kokufudumeza okanye ukuguquguquka kombane. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini bemizi-mveliso kunye nezixhobo zisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo, zikhulisa imveliso.

B. Amanyathelo okhuseleko aphuculweyo

Ukhuseleko yeyona nto ixhalabisayo kwiindawo zoshishino, kunye nomgangatho we izixhobo zokuguqula amandla idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo:

1. UThintelo loMlilo: I-subpar transformers inokutshisa kakhulu, okukhokelela kumngcipheko womlilo okanye iziphene zombane. Iziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zixhotyiswe ngeempawu zokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezinciphisa ukubakho kobushushu, umlilo, kunye neengozi ezinxulumene noko.

2. Ukukhuselwa kwiZiphene zoMbane: Iziguquli zomgangatho zihlala zibandakanya iindlela zokukhusela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezifana ne-overcurrent, overvoltage, kunye nokukhusela i-short-circuit. Ezi mpawu zikhusela izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi kwiingozi zombane.

3. Ukuthotyelwa kweMigangatho: Iziguquli zodidi oluphezulu zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yoshishino kunye nemimiselo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahambelana neendlela zokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza ezibekwe ngabasemagunyeni.

C. Iinzuzo zemali zexesha elide

Utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zoguqulo oluphezulu lunokuvelisa inzuzo enkulu yemali yexesha elide kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso:

1. Ubomi Obongezelelweyo: Iziguquli zomgangatho zinobomi obude bokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa noogxa babo abakumgangatho ophantsi. Oku kuthetha ukutshintshwa okumbalwa kunye nenkcitho ephantsi yenkunzi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

2. Iindleko eziNcitshisiweyo zokuLondoloza: Iziguquli zomgangatho zifuna ukugcinwa okuncinci, njengoko zingaphantsi kokuphazamiseka kunye neempazamo. Oku kuguqulela kwiindleko eziphantsi zogcino nokulungiswa.

3. Ugcino lwamandla: Abaguquli abasebenzisa amandla amandla abagcini nje ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza kodwa banegalelo kwimigudu yokuzinza ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiinkuthazo zemali kunye nobudlelwane obuhle noluntu.

4. Ixabiso elongeziweyo lentengiso: Kwimeko yokuphuculwa kweziko okanye ukuvalwa, abaguquli bezinga eliphezulu banokugcina ixabiso labo lokuthengisa ngcono kunezixhobo ze-subpar, ukubonelela ngomthombo onokubakho wengeniso.

Umgangatho wesixhobo soguqulo kwiindawo zoshishino asingombandela nje wokukhetha kodwa yinto esisiseko echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali ixesha elide. Ngotyalo-mali kwiziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu, amashishini anokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokutyibilikayo, ukunciphisa imingcipheko, kwaye avune ukonga imali eninzi, ekugqibeleni aqinisekise ukhuphiswano kukhuphiswano. indawo yokuthengisa izixhobo zokuguqula izixhobo.

Zisetyenziselwa ntoni iziguquli zombane?

Iziguquli zombane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla njengoko zinciphisa okanye zandisa umsinga wombane ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zethu zemihla ngemihla ekusebenziseni kwethu izixhobo zombane. Ezinye zeendlela zokusetyenziswa kweziguquli zombane ziquka ukulawula ukuhamba kombane ngexesha lokutshaja njengoko ukuhamba kwamandla ombane okungalawulekiyo kunokubangela ukunyuka kombane. Kwaye oku kunokubangela umonakalo kwizixhobo zombane ezibizwayo.

Imveliso yentsimbi yenye indawo eluncedo kubaguquli bombane. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-voltages ephezulu iyafuneka ekunyibilikeni nasekudibaniseni kwaye xa ngoku ilixesha lokupholisa imisinga ephantsi iyafuneka emva kokuba iveliswe yi-transformer yombane ukusuka kumbane ophezulu. Kwinkqubo yeekhemikhali inkqubo ye-electrolysis inikwe amandla ngabaguquli. Ukulawula umbane onika amandla ukusabela kweekhemikhali, ii-transformers ziyafuneka. Ezinye zeentsimbi ze-electroplated ziquka i-aluminium, ubhedu, kunye ne-zinc. Ikhoyo ngoku kule mpendulo ilawulwa ngabaguquli bombane.

Ukuguqulwa kombane:Iinguqu zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukutshintsha amanqanaba ombane kwiinkqubo zombane. Banokunyusa okanye banciphise i-voltage ukuze ihambelane neemfuno zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo okanye iinkqubo. Oku kubalulekile ekugqithiseni umbane ngokufanelekileyo kwimigama emide kunye nokuthelekisa amandla ombane afunekayo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane.

Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla: Abaguquli badlala indima ephambili kuthungelwano lokuhambisa amandla. Bancedisa ukuhambisa umbane ukusuka kwizixhobo zombane ukuya kwizikhululo zombane eziphakamileyo kwaye zehlise umbane ukuze usasazwe ezindlini, kumashishini, nakwabanye abasebenzisi bokuphela.

Ukubekwa wedwa: Abaguquli banikezela ukuhlukaniswa kombane phakathi kweesekethe zegalelo kunye nemveliso. Oku kwahlula kunceda ukukhusela izixhobo kunye nabasebenzisi kwiingozi zombane, ezifana nokutshatyalaliswa kombane kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane.

Ungqinelwano lwe-impedance: IiTransformers zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-impedance kwiisekethe ze-elektroniki. Ngokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wokujika we-transformer, i-impedance inokuthi ihambelane phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenzayo.

Izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula: Iziguquli zisetyenziselwa izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ukuthoba i-voltages yeenzwa, ii-transducers, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifuna umbane ophantsi wokusebenza.

Ukuchongwa kweZixhobo zeTransformer ezikwiMgangatho oPhezulu

Xa ukhangela izixhobo zoguqulo olukumgangatho ophezulu kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwiimpawu ezithile kunye neempawu:

1. Amanqaku okusebenza: Khangela ii-transformers ezinemilinganiselo ephezulu yokusebenza kwamandla, eboniswa njengepesenti. Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo okuphezulu kuthetha ilahleko encinci yamandla ngexesha lokusebenza, okukhokelela kugcino lweendleko kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

2. Izinto kunye noMgangatho woKwakha: Iziguquli zomgangatho zakhiwe kusetyenziswa izinto zeprimiyamu kunye nobunjineli obuchanekileyo. Ukugquma okuqinileyo, ii-cores ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kunye ne-winding ehlala ixesha elide inegalelo kubomi obude kunye nokusebenza.

3. Ulawulo lwamandla ombane: Iziguquli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zigcina i-voltage ephumayo ezinzileyo ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo, nangona xa igalelo lombane liguquguquka. Olu phawu lubalulekile ekukhuseleni izixhobo ezinovakalelo.

4. Iinkqubo zokupholisa: Iinkqubo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo, ezifana neefeni okanye ukupholisa ioli, zinceda ukukhupha ukushisa, ukuthintela ukushisa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhambelanayo phantsi kwemithwalo eyahlukeneyo.

5. Iimpawu zoKhuselo: Abaguquli kufuneka babe neendlela zokukhusela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, kubandakanywa ukukhuselwa komthwalo ogqithisiweyo, ukukhuselwa kwisiphaluka esifutshane, kunye nokukhusela ukushisa okugqithisileyo, ukukhusela kwiimpazamo zombane.

Ukubaluleka kokubambelela kwiinkcukacha zokusebenza kunye nemigangatho

Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu izixhobo zesiguquli, kunyanzelekile ukubambelela kwiinkcukacha zokusebenza kunye nemigangatho ebekwe ngabasemagunyeni kunye nemibutho yoshishino efanelekileyo. Nasi isizathu sokuba kubalulekile:

1. Ukhuseleko: Ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba i-transformers ihlangabezana neemfuno ezincinci zokhuseleko, ukunciphisa umngcipheko weengozi kunye neengozi kwiindawo zoshishino.

2. Ukuthembeka: Imigangatho ibeka imilinganiselo yokusebenza ekufuneka i-transformer ihlangabezane nayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo. Ukuthotyelwa kwale migangatho kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguqukiyo nokuqikelelwayo.

3. Ukusebenzisana: Iinguqu ezihambelana nemigangatho zinokuthi zisebenze ngaphandle komthungo kunye nezinye izixhobo, ukunciphisa imiba yokuhambelana kunye nokuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka.

4. IiMfuno ezisemthethweni: Amazwe amaninzi anemimiselo egunyazisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho ethile yoguqulo. Ukungathobeli kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo zomthetho, izohlwayo, okanye ukukhunjuzwa kwezixhobo.

5. UQinisekiso loMgangatho: Iinguqu ezidibana nemigangatho evunyiweyo ziye zavavanywa ngokuqatha kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula umgangatho, enika isiqinisekiso somgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwazo.

Indima yabavelisi abathembekileyo kunye neziqinisekiso

Ukukhetha ii-transformers ezihloniphekileyo abavelisi bezixhobo ze-transformer kunye nokufuna izatifikethi ezifanelekileyo kunokuqinisekisa ngakumbi umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo zokuguqula:

1. Abavelisi abaHloniphekileyo: Abavelisi abamiselweyo kunye nerekhodi yokuhambisa iimveliso ezisemgangathweni lukhetho oluthembekileyo. Amava abo kunye nobuchule babo bafaka isandla ekuveliseni iinguqu ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

2. Iziqinisekiso: Khangela abaguquli abaphethe izatifikethi ezivela kwimibutho ehlonitshwayo njenge ISO (International Organisation for Standardization) okanye UL (Underwriters Laboratories). Ezi ziqinisekiso ziqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko.

3. Iwaranti yomenzi: Iwaranti eyomeleleyo yomenzi luphawu lokuzithemba ekuzinzeni nasekusebenzeni kwemveliso. Inika umaleko owongezelelweyo wokhuseleko kunye noxolo lwengqondo kubathengi bamashishini.

4. Uphononongo lwabasebenzisi kunye neeNgcebiso: Funa impendulo kwabanye abasebenzisi bemizi-mveliso abanamava kunye nomvelisi okanye imodeli ethile ye-transformer. Ukuqonda kwabo kunokukunceda wenze isigqibo esinolwazi.

Ukuchonga izixhobo ze-transformer ezikumgangatho ophezulu kubandakanya ukuhlola iimpawu eziphambili, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokusebenza kunye nemigangatho, kunye nokuqwalasela udumo lomenzi kunye neziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Ngokulandela ezi zikhokelo, imisebenzi yoshishino inokutyala imali ngokuzithemba kwisixhobo soguqulo esihlangabezana nokusebenza kwabo, ukhuseleko kunye neemfuno zokuthembeka.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa uthenga

Ukukhetha izixhobo zoguqulo olukumgangatho ophezulu kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso kufuna ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kwezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye neendleko ezifanelekileyo. Nantsi imiba ephambili:

1. IiMfuno zombane: Qinisekisa amanqanaba ombane athile afunekayo kwiinkqubo zakho zoshishino. Qonda ukuba ngaba ufuna i-step-up transformers (ukunyusa amandla ombane), iziguquli zokuhla (ukunciphisa i-voltage), okanye iziguquli zokwahlula (ukubonelela ngombane wokwahlula) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho zokusebenza.

2. Iimpawu zomthwalo: Hlalutya iimpawu zomthwalo wakho wombane, kubandakanywa ubungakanani bayo, uhlobo (umzekelo, i-resissive, inductive, capacitive), kunye nokwahluka kwemfuno. Olu vavanyo lukunceda ukuba unqume umthamo ofanelekileyo wenguqu kunye noyilo lokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo umthwalo wakho.

3. Amanqaku oMsebenzi: Vavanya i ukubaluleka kweziguquli kwimisebenzi yakho. Khangela ii-transformers ezinemilinganiselo ephezulu yokusebenza kakuhle, eboniswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengepesenti. Iziguquli ezisebenza ngamandla zinciphisa ilahleko yamandla, ezikhokelela kwiindleko zokusebenza eziphantsi kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo.

4. Imiqobo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali: Misela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho lwezixhobo zenguqu. Ngelixa ukubeka phambili umgangatho kubalulekile, ukuqonda imida yakho yezemali kuya kukunceda ukhethe eyona nto ifanelekileyo yokutshintsha kuluhlu lwakho lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

5. Isithuba kunye neeMfuno zoFakelo: Vavanya indawo ekhoyo yofakelo lwesiguquli. Qinisekisa ukuba i-transformer ekhethiweyo inokungena ngaphakathi kwendawo echongiweyo kwaye ihlangabezane neemfuno zofakelo ezifana nemigama yokucocwa, ukungena komoya, kunye nokufikeleleka kokugcinwa.

6. IiMeko zokusiNgqongileyo: Qwalasela imiba yokusingqongileyo ejikeleze ukufakelwa kwe-transformer. Oku kuquka imiba efana nobushushu bendawo engqongileyo, ukufuma, kunye nokuvezwa eluthulini okanye kwizinto ezidlekayo. Khetha iinguqu ezenzelwe ukumelana neemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo kwindawo yakho.

7. Ukwandiswa kwekamva: Cwangcisa ukukhula okunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo kunye nokwanda kweemfuno zombane. Qwalasela ukukhetha isiguquli esinendawo enkulu yokuhlala ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nolwandiso ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshintshwa rhoqo.

8. Ukuhambelana: Qinisekisa ukuba i-transformer oyikhethayo iyahambelana nezibonelelo zakho zombane ezikhoyo. Qinisekisa ukuba ihambelana namanqanaba ombane kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa kwindawo yakho.

9. Iimpawu zoKhuseleko: Vavanya iimpawu zokhuseleko ezifakwe kuyilo lwesiguquli. Jonga izinto ezinje ngokhuseleko lomthwalo omninzi, ukhuseleko lwendlela emfutshane, ukhuseleko lobushushu obugqithisileyo, kunye neendlela zokubona iimpazamo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo.

10. Iwaranti kunye neNkxaso: Hlaziya iwaranti yomenzi kunye neendlela zokuxhasa emva kokuthengisa. Iwaranti eyomeleleyo kunye nenkonzo yabathengi abaphendulayo ingaba luncedo ekujonganeni nemiba engalindelekanga kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide.

Ngokuphonononga ngononophelo ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kunye nokwenza uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lweemfuno, unokwenza isigqibo esinolwazi xa uthenga isixhobo soguqulo kwimisebenzi yakho yoshishino. Le ndlela yokujonga phambili iqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwakho luhambelana neemfuno zakho zokusebenza kunye neenjongo zexesha elide.

Isiphelo:

Ukuqukumbela, ukubaluleka kwezixhobo ze-transformer ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwiindawo zoshishino azikwazi ukugqithiswa. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza njenge-linchpin yolawulo lwamandla olusebenzayo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuzinza kwemali kwexesha elide kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ngolawulo lwamandla ombane, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kunye nokuthembeka, iziguquli zenqanaba eliphezulu zinegalelo elikhulu kwimisebenzi engenamthungo. Njengoko imizi-mveliso ijongene neemfuno eziguqukayo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo, utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zoguqulo olukumgangatho ophezulu kuhlala ingelulo ukhetho lobulumko kuphela kodwa luyimfuneko yeqhinga. Iqinisekisa impumelelo eqhubekayo kunye nokukhuphisana kwemisebenzi yoshishino ngelixa ihambelana neenjongo ezibanzi zokuzinza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.

• Unyakakelwe
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• Uhlobo lweshishini
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• Ilizwe / Ingingqi
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• Ishishini eliphambili
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• Iimveliso eziphambili
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• Ishishini lomntu osemthethweni
  --
• Abasebenzi bazonke
  --
• Ixabiso lokuphuma lonyaka
  --
• Ukuthengisa ngaphandle
  --
• Abathengi abasebenzayo
  --