UThutho noSasazo loMbane: Imingeni kunye nezisombululo kwiiGridi zale mihla

Kwimeko yanamhlanje yamandla eguqukayo ngokukhawuleza, uthungelwano lombane kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo nokuzinzileyo kumakhaya nakumashishini. Njengoko sixhomekeke ngakumbi kumbane ukuze siqhube ubomi bethu-ukusuka kwizithuthi zombane ukuya kumakhaya ahlakaniphile-ubunzima kunye neemfuno kwiigridi zethu zanda. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imingeni eyahlukeneyo ejongene nokuhanjiswa kombane kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa umbane, kunye nezisombululo ezitsha eziphunyezwayo ukujongana nale mingeni.

Ukuhlangabezana neMbango eNyusayo yoMbane

Omnye wemingeni engundoqo ejongene neegridi zombane zala maxesha kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno yombane. Izinto ezinjengokukhula kwabemi, ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini nokwanda kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ziye zabeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwizakhiwo ezikhoyo. Le mfuno idityaniswe kukuvela kwezithuthi zombane (EVs), ezifuna iziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja kwaye zinamandla okunyusa kakhulu umthwalo kwigridi ngamaxesha aphakamileyo.

Ukulawula le mfuno inyukileyo, izibonelelo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule. Enye indlela kukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokusabela kwiimfuno, ezikhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuba banciphise okanye batshintshe indlela abasebenzisa ngayo umbane ngamaxesha axakeke kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-thermostats ehlakaniphile inokulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukushisa ngexesha leemfuno eziphezulu, inceda ukulinganisela umthwalo kwigridi. Ukongeza, izikimu zamaxabiso exesha lokusebenzisa zinokukhuthaza abathengi ukuba basebenzise umbane ngexesha leeyure ezingasebenziyo ngokunikezela ngamaxabiso aphantsi.

Ukwandisa ngakumbi umthamo wegridi, izibonelelo ezininzi zityala imali kwiziseko ezingundoqo eziphuculweyo, ezifana neentambo zothumelo ezinomthamo ophezulu kunye neziguquli-ziguquli ezisebenzayo ngakumbi. Olu hlaziyo aluhlanganisi nje kuphela imfuno eyongeziweyo kodwa lukwanciphisa ilahleko kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Eminye imimandla iphinda iphonononge amandla e-microgrids-iinkqubo zamandla zasekhaya ezinokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwigridi eyintloko kwimeko yokucima okanye ukulawula imfuno yendawo ngokufanelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlangabezana nokunyuka kwemfuno kufuna indlela eneenkalo ezininzi edibanisa uphuculo lwetekhnoloji, ukuzibandakanya kwabathengi, kunye nocwangciso lobuchule. Ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, esiza kuyixoxa kweli candelo lilandelayo, ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yale phazili.

Ukudibanisa iMithombo yaMandla aVuselelwayo

Ukutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo efana namandla elanga, umoya, nombane ophehlwa ngamanzi yeyona nto iphambili kwiinjongo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse kunye nokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukudibanisa le mithombo kwigridi ekhoyo kuzisa imingeni emininzi. Imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo iyaguquguquka ngokwendalo kwaye ayiqikeleleki; umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kuxhomekeke kukukhanya kwelanga, okunokuchatshazelwa yimozulu kunye nokutshintsha kwamaxesha onyaka, ngelixa amandla omoya exhomekeke kwizantya zomoya. Oku kuhlukahluka kunokubangela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zokugcina uzinzo lwegridi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo.

Esinye isisombululo kule ngxaki kukuphuhliswa kobugcisa bokugcina amandla aphezulu. Iibhetri, umzekelo, zinokugcina amandla agqithisileyo avelisiweyo ngexesha lemveliso ephezulu ehlaziyekayo kwaye iwakhulule xa imveliso iphantsi, ngaloo ndlela inceda ukuzinzisa igridi. Itekhnoloji efana nokugcinwa kwe-hydro emponthiweyo kunye nee-flywheels zikwabonelela ngezisombululo ezinokubakho zokulungelelanisa ukubonelela kunye nemfuno.

Ukongeza kwisitoreji, iindlela eziphambili zokubikezela zidlala indima ephambili ekulawuleni ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iipateni zemozulu kunye namanqanaba okuvelisa anokubakho, abaqhubi begridi banokucwangcisa ngcono kwaye balawule ukuhamba kombane. Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha enkulu ziya zisanda kusetyenziswa ukwandisa ukuchaneka koluqikelelo, okwenza ukuba ulawulo lwegridi lusebenze ngakumbi.

Iinzame zokuphucula igridi, kubandakanywa nophuhliso lweegridi ezihlakaniphile, nazo zibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izinto ezihlaziyiweyo. Iigridi ezihlakaniphile zisebenzisa izinzwa, uthungelwano lonxibelelwano, kunye nolawulo oluzenzekelayo ukujonga nokulawula ukuhamba kombane ngexesha langempela. Oku kuvumela iimpendulo eziguquguqukayo ngakumbi kwiinguqu ekuboneleleni nasekufuneni kwaye kuququzelele ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yamandla esasazwayo, efana neepaneli zelanga eziphahleni.

Ukuqinisekisa iGrid Cybersecurity

Njengoko iigridi zombane zidibanisa ngakumbi kwaye zixhomekeke kubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ukhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity luvela njengenkxalabo ebalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zegridi ziya zisiba sengozini ngakumbi kwii-cyberattacks, ezinokuthi zibe nemiphumo emibi ukusuka ekuphumeni okubanzi kombane ukuya kwilahleko yemali kunye nokhuseleko lwedatha oluphazamisekileyo. Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo ze-IoT kunye netekhnoloji yegridi ehlakaniphile, ngelixa iluncedo kulawulo lwegridi, ikwandise indawo yokuhlaselwa kwizisongelo ze-cyber.

Ukunciphisa le mingcipheko, izinto eziluncedo kunye nabaqhubi begridi batyala imali kwimilinganiselo eyomeleleyo yokhuseleko lwe-cyber. Oku kubandakanya ukuphumeza izicwangciso ezininzi zokukhusela ezidibanisa ukhuseleko lomzimba, ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi, kunye nokhuseleko lwedatha. Iinkqubo zokubona ukungenelela, i-firewall, kunye neendlela zokubethela zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela iziseko zegridi kwiisongelo ze-cyber.

Ukubeka iliso kunye namandla okuphendula kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zexesha langempela ziyakwazi ukubona umsebenzi ongaqhelekanga okanye ukungenelela okunokuthi kwenzeke, okuvumela ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuhlaselwa. Izicwangciso zempendulo yezehlo, kubandakanywa u-drills rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa, kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi begridi bakulungele ukujongana nokubuyisela kwiziganeko ze-cyber.

Omnye umba obalulekileyo wegridi yokhuseleko kukwabelana ngolwazi kunye nentsebenziswano kulo lonke ishishini. Izinto eziluncedo, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, kunye neefemu zokhuseleko kwi-cybersecurity kufuneka zisebenze kunye ukuze zabelane ngezoyikiso zobukrelekrele kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo. Amanyathelo afana neZiko loKwabelana ngeNgcaciso yoMbane kunye noHlalutyo (E-ISAC) lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni le ntsebenziswano kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko jikelele lokuma kwegridi.

Ngaphezu koko, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye nemfundo yabasebenzi begridi ibalulekile ekugcineni inkcubeko eyomeleleyo yokhuseleko lwe-cyber. Abasebenzi kufuneka bazi ngezoyikiso zamva nje kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo zokukhusela kuhlaselo lwe-cyber. Ukudala inkcubeko yokwazisa nge-cybersecurity kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu ababandakanyekayo kwimisebenzi yegridi babeka phambili ukhuseleko kwimisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla.

Ukuphucula iziseko zoncedo eziphelelwe lixesha

Uninzi lweegridi zombane kwihlabathi liphela zisekwe kwiziseko zophuhliso ezineminyaka engamashumi eminyaka ubudala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane ubudala. Esi siseko siguga asisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa sisesichengeni sokusilela kunye nokucima. Ukwenza ezi ziseko zoncedo ziphelelwe lixesha ngumngeni onzima ojongene necandelo lokuhambisa nokuhanjiswa kombane.

Enye indlela yokujongana nalo mba kukusasazwa kobuchwepheshe begridi obuphambili, obufana ne-synchrophasors kunye ne-distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS). I-synchrophasors inikezela ngokubeka iliso ngexesha langempela leemeko zegridi, ivumela abaqhubi ukuba bachonge kwaye bajongane neengxaki ezinokuthi zikhokele ekuphumeni. I-DERMS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivumela ulawulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi lwezibonelelo zamandla ezisasazwayo, ezifana neepaneli zelanga eziphahleni kunye neenkqubo zokugcina ibhetri.

Ukongeza ekusebenziseni itekhnoloji ephucukileyo, izinto eziluncedo zityala imali ekutshintsheni nasekuphuculeni amacandelo egridi ebonakalayo. Oku kuquka ukutshintshwa kweentambo zothumelo ezindala, izitishi ezincinci, kunye neziguquli ngezinye iindlela ezisebenza kakuhle nezithembekileyo. Ukunyuselwa kwitekhnoloji yegridi "yokuziphilisa", enokuthi ibone ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ihlukanise iimpazamo, inceda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokucima kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kwegridi ngokubanzi.

Ukudityaniswa kothungelwano lwenzwa ngomnye umba obalulekileyo wokuphucula iziseko zegridi. Izinzwa zinokubonelela ngedatha yexesha lokwenyani kwimeko yamacandelo egridi, njengobushushu, ukufuma, kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini. Le datha ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ukugcinwa kwangaphambili, ukuchonga imiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba ibangele ukungaphumeleli. Ngokwamkela indlela yokulungisa esebenzayo, izinto eziluncedo zinokubongeza ubomi bamacandelo egridi kwaye zinciphise ukuphindaphindeka kunye neempembelelo zokucima.

Ekugqibeleni, ukulungiswa kweziseko ezingundoqo eziphelelwe lixesha ngumzamo onzima nobiza imali eninzi. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo-ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuqina-kwenza kube utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kwixesha elizayo lokuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane.

Ukuphucula ukuqina kweGridi kunye nokuthembeka

Ukomelela nokuthembeka zizalathisi eziphambili zokusebenza kwiigridi zombane. Ukuqina kubhekisela kwikhono legridi lokumelana nokubuyisela kwiziganeko ezimbi, ezifana neentlekele zendalo okanye ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyberattacks, ngelixa ukuthembeka kuhambelana nokuhanjiswa kombane okuhambelanayo kunye nokungaphazamiseki kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Ukuphucula kokubili ukomelela kunye nokuthembeka yinto ephambili kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nabaqhubi begridi.

Esinye isicwangciso sokuphucula ukomelela kweegridi kukwahlukahlukana kwemithombo yamandla. Ngokuthembela kumxube wemithombo yamandla emveli kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona, iigridi zinokugcina ukunikezelwa kwamandla nangona umthombo omnye uphazamiseka. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba intlekele yendalo ichaphazela isityalo esikhulu samandla elanga, umoya okanye imithombo yombane wamanzi inokunceda ukugcwalisa i-gap kunye nokugcina ukubonelela.

Omnye umba obalulekileyo wokomelela kukuphuhliswa kwamanyathelo okuqinisa igridi. Oku kuquka ukuphuculwa kweziseko ezingundoqo, ezifana nokungcwaba iingcingo zombane ngaphantsi komhlaba ukuze zikhuseleke kwiinkqwithela kunye nokufakela iipali ezomeleleyo kunye neenqaba zokumelana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla. Abaqhubi begridi nabo batyala imali kwiinkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye nolawulo oluphezulu, ezinokubonelela ngesilumkiso sangethuba semiba enokwenzeka kwaye ivumele iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo ukugcina uzinzo lwegridi.

Ukongeza kuphuculo lweziseko ezingundoqo, ukomeleza ukuqina kwegridi kufuna ucwangciso olusebenzayo olungxamisekileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso. Izinto eziluncedo kufuneka ziphuhlise kwaye zihlaziywe rhoqo izicwangciso zokusabela kwimeko yongxamiseko, ziqhube ii-drill kunye nokulinganisa, kwaye zilungelelanise ii-arhente zikarhulumente kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo ukuqinisekisa impendulo ekhawulezayo nesebenzayo kwiziganeko ezimbi.

Ukuthembeka kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nendlela igridi enokulawula ngayo ukuhluka kwesiqhelo kwimfuno kunye nokubonelela. Ukwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe begridi obuphambili, obufana neegridi ezihlakaniphile, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukuthembeka. Iigridi ze-Smart zivumela ukujonga ixesha lokwenyani kunye nolawulo lokuhamba kombane, okuvumela ulawulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi lwemfuno kunye nokubonelela. Oku ke, kunokunceda ukuthintela ukucima nokuqinisekisa unikezelo lwamandla olungaguqukiyo.

Enye inkalo yokuthembeka kuphuhliso lweenkqubo zogcino oluluqilima. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kwamacandelo egridi, njengemigca yokuhambisa, i-substations, kunye ne-transformers, kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukungaphumeleli kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwegridi. Ukugcinwa okuqikelelwayo, okuxhaswe luhlalutyo lwedatha kunye nothungelwano lwenzwa, luvumela ukuchongwa kunye nesisombululo semiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba iholele ekuphumeni, ngakumbi ukomeleza ukuthembeka kwegridi.

Ukuqukumbela, ukujongana nemingeni kunye nokuphumeza izisombululo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane yinkqubo eguqukayo neqhubekayo. Ngokuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yombane, ukudibanisa imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwigridi yothungelwano, ukuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye nokuphucula ukomelela kwegridi kunye nokuthembeka, sinokwakha ikamva lamandla elizinzileyo nelithembekileyo.

Njengoko siqhubela phambili, ukuqhubeka nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye nentsebenziswano kulo lonke ishishini kuya kubaluleka. Ubuchwephesha obutsha, ukucwangciswa kobuchule, kunye nokuzinikela kuzinzo kunye nokhuseleko kuya kuqhuba ukuvela kweegridi zethu zombane. Ngokwamkela ezi zisombululo, sinokuyoyisa imingeni kwaye siqinisekise unikezelo lwamandla oluthembekileyo noluzinzileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.