Ukudluliswa Nokusabalalisa Ugesi: Izinselele Nezixazululo Kumagridi Esimanje

2024/08/24

Esimeni sanamuhla samandla esishintshashintsha ngokushesha, amanethiwekhi okudlulisa nokusabalalisa ugesi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukulethwa kwamandla okuthembekile nokusimeme ezindlini nasemabhizinisini. Njengoba sincika kakhulu kugesi ukuze siphethise ukuphila kwethu—kusuka ezimotweni zikagesi kuya ezindlini ezihlakaniphile—ubunzima nezimfuneko zamagridi ethu ziyanda. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinselele ezihlukahlukene ezibhekene nezinhlelo zesimanje zokudluliswa kukagesi kanye nokusabalalisa, kanye nezixazululo ezintsha ezisetshenziswayo ukubhekana nalezi zinselele.


Ukuhlangabezana Nesidingo Esikhulayo Sogesi


Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene namagridi kagesi wesimanje ukukhula ngokushesha kwesidingo sikagesi. Izici ezinjengokukhula kwenani labantu, ukufudukela emadolobheni, nokwanda kwemishini kagesi kuye kwabeka ingcindezi enkulu engqalasizinda ekhona. Lesi sidingo sihlanganiswa nokuvela kwezimoto zikagesi (EVs), ezidinga ingqalasizinda eshajayo futhi ezinamandla okwandisa kakhulu umthwalo kugridi ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu.


Ukulawula lesi sidingo esikhulayo, izinsiza zisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene. Enye indlela ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuphendula isidingo, ezikhuthaza abathengi ukuthi banciphise noma bashintshe ukusebenzisa kwabo ugesi ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu. Isibonelo, ama-smart thermostat angalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izinga lokushisa ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu, asize ukulinganisela umthwalo kugridi. Ukwengeza, izinhlelo zamanani esikhathi sokusetshenziswa zingakhuthaza abathengi ukuthi basebenzise ugesi ngezikhathi lapho abantu bengasebenzi kakhulu ngokunikeza amanani aphansi.


Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuthuthukisa umthamo wegridi, izinsiza eziningi zitshala imali kungqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe, njengezintambo zokuthutha ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nama-transformer asebenza kahle kakhulu. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa akuhlanganisi nje kuphela isidingo esikhuphukile kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lonke. Ezinye izifunda futhi zihlola amandla ama-microgrid—amasistimu wamandla wasendaweni angasebenza ngokuzimela kugridi eyinhloko uma kwenzeka ukucima noma ukuphatha ukufunwa kwendawo ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.


Noma kunjalo, ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo kudinga indlela enezici eziningi ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukuzibandakanya kwabathengi, kanye nokuhlela kwamasu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, esizoxoxa ngayo esigabeni esilandelayo, nakho kuyisici esibalulekile sale puzzle.


Ukuhlanganisa Imithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo


Ushintsho oluya emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga, umoya, namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi luyisisekelo somgomo wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Nokho, ukuhlanganisa le mithombo kugridi ekhona kuveza izinselele ezimbalwa. Imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo iyashintshashintsha ngokwemvelo futhi ayinakubikezelwa; isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kuncike ekukhanyeni kwelanga, okungathintwa isimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka, kanti amandla omoya ancike esivinini somoya. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungadala izinkinga ezibalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina kwegridi nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okuthembekile.


Isixazululo esisodwa sale nkinga ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuthuthukile. Amabhethri, isibonelo, angagcina amandla engeziwe akhiqizwa ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza okuphezulu avuselelekayo futhi awakhulule lapho ukukhiqiza kuphansi, ngaleyo ndlela asize ukuzinzisa igridi. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokugcinwa kwamanzi okumpontshwa kanye nama-flywheels nawo anikeza izixazululo ezingaba khona zokulinganisa ukutholakala nokufunwa.


Ngaphezu kwesitoreji, amasu okubikezela okuthuthukile adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokubikezela ngokunembile amaphethini wesimo sezulu kanye namazinga okukhiqiza okungenzeka, abasebenzisa igridi bangakwazi ukuhlela kangcono futhi balawule ukuhamba kukagesi. Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu kuya ngokuya kusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwalezi zibikezelo, okuvumela ukuphathwa kwegridi okunempumelelo kakhudlwana.


Imizamo yokwenza igridi ibe yesimanje, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kwamagridi ahlakaniphile, nayo ibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni okuvuselelekayo. Amagridi ahlakaniphile asebenzisa izinzwa, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, nezilawuli ezizenzakalelayo ukuze zigade futhi zilawule ukuhamba kukagesi ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuvumela ukusabela okuguquguqukayo okwengeziwe ekushintsheni kokunikezwayo nesidingo futhi kungenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza zamandla asabalalisiwe, njengamaphaneli elanga asophahleni.


Ukuqinisekisa Igridi Cybersecurity


Njengoba amagridi kagesi exhumeka kakhulu futhi ethembela kubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity kuvela njengokukhathazeka okubalulekile. Amasistimu egridi aya ngokuya esengozini yokuhlaselwa ngamakhompuyutha, okungaba nemiphumela edabukisayo kusukela ekunqamukeni kukagesi okusabalele kuya ekulahlekeni kwezimali kanye nokuvikeleka kwedatha engozini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamadivayisi e-IoT kanye nobuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile, nakuba buzuzisa ukuphathwa kwegridi, futhi kwandisa indawo yokuhlasela yezinsongo ezingaba khona ku-inthanethi.


Ukunciphisa lezi zingozi, izinsiza kanye nabaqhubi begridi batshala imali ezindleleni eziqinile zokuphepha ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa amasu okuvikela anezendlalelo eziningi ahlanganisa ukuphepha ngokomzimba, ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi, nokuphepha kwedatha. Amasistimu okuthola ukungena, izindonga zomlilo, namasu okubethela angamathuluzi ajwayelekile asetshenziselwa ukuvikela ingqalasizinda yegridi ekusongweni kwe-cyber.


Amakhono okuqapha nokuphendula abaluleke ngokufanayo. Amasistimu okuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela angathola umsebenzi ongajwayelekile noma ukugxambukela okungase kube khona, okuvumela izimpendulo ezisheshayo ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokuhlasela. Amacebo okuphendula isigameko, okuhlanganisa ukuprakthiza okujwayelekile kanye nokulingisa, asiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenza ngegridi bakulungele ukubhekana nokululama ezehlakalweni zohleloxhumano ngesiqoqelalwazi.


Esinye isici esibalulekile se-grid cybersecurity ukwabelana ngolwazi nokusebenzisana kuyo yonke imboni. Izinsiza, izikhungo zikahulumeni, namafemu ezokuphepha ku-inthanethi kumele basebenzisane ukuze babelane ngobuhlakani obusabisayo nezindlela ezihamba phambili. Imizamo efana neSikhungo Sokwabelana Nokuhlaziya Ngolwazi Lukagesi (E-ISAC) idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni lokhu kubambisana kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuma okuphelele kokuvikeleka kwegridi.


Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kanye nemfundo yabasebenzi begridi kubalulekile ekugcineni isiko eliqinile lokuphepha ku-inthanethi. Abasebenzi kufanele baqaphele izinsongo zakamuva kanye nemikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuvikela ekuhlaselweni kwe-inthanethi. Ukudala isiko lokuqwashisa nge-cybersecurity kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abathintekayo emisebenzini yegridi babeka phambili ukuphepha emisebenzini yabo yansuku zonke.


Ukwenza Ingqalasizinda Ephelelwe yisikhathi ibe yisimanje


Amagridi amaningi kagesi emhlabeni wonke asekelwe engqalasizinda enamashumi eminyaka ubudala, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka ubudala. Le ngqalasizinda egugayo ayisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi isengozini yokwehluleka nokucisha. Ukwenza le ngqalasizinda ephelelwe yisikhathi ibe yisimanje kuyinselelo enkulu ebhekene nomkhakha wokudluliswa nokusabalalisa ugesi.


Enye indlela yokubhekana nalolu daba ukuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe begridi obuthuthukisiwe, obufana nama-synchrophasors kanye nezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwezisetshenziswa zamandla ezisabalalisiwe (DERMS). Ama-synchrophasors ahlinzeka ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwezimo zegridi, okwenza opharetha babone futhi baxazulule izinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba ziholele ekunqamukeni. I-DERMS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivumela ukuphathwa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinsiza zamandla asabalalisiwe, njengamaphaneli elanga ophahleni kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amabhethri.


Ngokungeziwe ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, izinsiza zitshala imali ekushintsheni nasekuthuthukiseni izingxenye zegridi ebonakalayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukushintsha izintambo zikagesi ezindala, iziteshi ezincane, nama-transformer ngezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle nezithembekile. Ukuthuthukela kubuchwepheshe begridi "yokuziphilisa", obukwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi buhlukanise amaphutha, kusiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokucisha futhi kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kukonke kwegridi.


Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi ezinzwa kungenye into ebalulekile yokwenza ingqalasizinda yegridi ibe yesimanje. Izinzwa zinganikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela esimweni sezingxenye zegridi, njengezinga lokushisa, umswakama, nokucindezeleka komshini. Le datha ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo, ukuhlonza izinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuthi ziholele ekuhlulekeni. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokulungisa esebenzayo, izinsiza zinganweba isikhathi sokuphila sezingxenye zegridi futhi zinciphise imvamisa nomthelela wokucisha.


Ekugcineni, ukwenza ingqalasizinda ephelelwe yisikhathi ibe yisimanje kuwumsebenzi onzima futhi obizayo. Nokho, izinzuzo—ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe, ukwethembeka, nokuqina—zikwenza kube utshalomali oludingekayo ngekusasa lokudluliswa nokusabalalisa kukagesi.


Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwegridi Nokwethembeka


Ukuqina nokuthembeka yizinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile zamagridi kagesi. Ukuqina kusho ikhono legridi lokumelana nokululama ezenzakalweni ezimbi, njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma ukuhlasela kwe-cyberattack, kuyilapho ukwethembeka kuphathelene nokulethwa okungaguquguquki nokungaphazamiseki kukagesi kubathengi. Ukuthuthukisa kokubili ukuqina nokuthembeka kuyinto ehamba phambili ezinsizeni kanye nabaqhubi begridi.


Elinye isu lokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwegridi ukuhlukahluka kwemithombo yamandla. Ngokuthembela ekuxubeni kwemithombo yamandla endabuko nevuselelekayo, amagridi angakwazi ukunakekela ukunikezwa kwamandla ngisho noma umthombo owodwa uphazamisekile. Isibonelo, uma inhlekelele yemvelo ithinta isitshalo esikhulu samandla elanga, imithombo yamandla omoya noma ophehlwa ngamanzi ingasiza ukugcwalisa igebe nokugcina ukunikezwa.


Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuqina ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zokuqinisa igridi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ebonakalayo, njengokungcwaba izintambo zikagesi ngaphansi ukuze zivikeleke ezivunguvungwini kanye nokufaka izigxobo nemibhoshongo enamandla ukuze imelane nomoya onamandla. Abaqhubi begridi nabo batshala izimali ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe zokuqapha nokulawula, ezinganikeza isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sezinkinga ezingase zibe khona futhi zivumele izimpendulo ezisheshayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwegridi.


Ukwengeza ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ebonakalayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqina kwegridi kudinga ukuhlelwa okusebenzayo kwezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokuxhumana. Izinsiza kufanele zithuthukise futhi zibuyekeze njalo izinhlelo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, zenze izivivinyo nokulingisa, futhi zixhumanise nezinhlaka zikahulumeni nabanye ababambiqhaza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusabela okusheshayo nangempumelelo ezenzakalweni ezimbi.


Ukuthembeka kuhlobene eduze nokuthi igridi ingaphatha kahle kanjani ukuhluka okujwayelekile kokufunwa nokuhlinzekwa. Ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe begridi obuthuthukisiwe, njengamagridi ahlakaniphile, kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukwethembeka. Amagridi ahlakaniphile anika amandla ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawula ukuhamba kukagesi, okuvumela ukuphathwa ngokuphumelelayo kwesidingo nokuphakelwa. Lokhu, kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukucisha nokuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwamandla okungaguquki.


Esinye isici sokwethembeka ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulondoloza eziqinile. Ukunakekelwa okuvamile kwezingxenye zegridi, njengezintambo zokudlulisa, iziteshi ezincane, nama-transformer, kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe ukwehluleka nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwegridi. Ukugcinwa kokuqagela, okunikwa amandla ukuhlaziya idatha namanethiwekhi enzwa, kuvumela ukuhlonzwa nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga ezingase zibe khona ngaphambi kokuthi ziholele ekunqamukeni, kuthuthuke kuthuthukise ukwethembeka kwegridi.


Sengiphetha, ukubhekana nezinselele nokusebenzisa izixazululo ezinhlelweni zesimanje zokudluliswa nokusabalalisa ugesi kuyinqubo eguquguqukayo neqhubekayo. Ngokuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sikagesi, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi yegridi, ukwenza ingqalasizinda ibe yesimanjemanje, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqina nokwethembeka kwegridi, singakha ikusasa lamandla elizinzile nelithembekile.


Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, ukuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusebenzisana kuyo yonke imboni kuzobaluleka. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuhlela okuhlakaniphile, nokuzibophezela ekusimameni nasekuvikelekeni kuzoqhuba ukuvela kwamagridi ethu kagesi. Ngokwamukela lezi zixazululo, singanqoba izinselele futhi siqinisekise ukutholakala kwamandla okuthembekile nokuqhubekayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

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