zithini izinto zombane ezi-5

Umbane yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwanamhlanje. Inika amandla amakhaya ethu, amashishini, kunye nemizi-mveliso, iqhubela phambili izinto ezintsha kunye nenkqubela phambili. Kodwa emva koncedo esiluthatha lula kukho ihlabathi lezinto zombane ezenza konke kwenzeke. Ukusuka kwii-conductor ukuya kwii-insulators, kukho iindidi zezixhobo ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugqithiseni nasekusebenziseni amandla ombane. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga izixhobo zombane ezintlanu ezibalulekileyo, sixoxa ngeempawu zazo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo, kunye nokubaluleka kwihlabathi lombane.

Abaqhubi

Ii-conductor zizinto ezivumela ukuhamba kombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa umbane ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, nokuba kungentambo yombane, ibhodi yesekethe, okanye intambo yombane elula. Umqhubi oqhelekileyo osetyenziswa kwizicelo zombane ubhedu, owaziwa ngokuba yi-conductivity ephezulu kunye nokumelana nokubola. Ukongeza kubhedu, ezinye iintsimbi ezifana ne-aluminiyam kunye nesilivere nazo zisetyenziswa njengabaqhubi kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Ubhedu lukhetho oludumileyo lwabaqhubi ngenxa yokuqhuba kombane okugqwesileyo, ukonakala, kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. I-conductivity yayo ephezulu ivumela ukuhanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla ombane, ngelixa ukunyanzeliswa kwayo kwenza kube lula ukwenza iimo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bezicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela, ukuxhathisa ubhedu kwi-corrosion kuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala i-conductor ethembekileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwiinkqubo zombane.

Ukongeza kwii-conductors zetsimbi, kukho iipolymers eziqhubayo ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezithile. Ezi polymers zenziwe ngeeathomu ze-organic eziye zaguqulwa ukuba ziqhube umbane, zinika enye indlela eguquguqukayo kunye nekhaphukhaphu kwii-conductor zentsimbi zemveli. Ngelixa ingasetyenziswanga njengee-conductor zetsimbi, iipolymers eziqhubayo zifumana usetyenziso olwandayo kwiindawo ezifana ne-electronics flexible kunye netekhnoloji enxitywayo.

Iinsulators

Ngelixa abaqhubi bevumela ukuhamba kombane, i-insulators zizinto ezithintela ukuhamba kombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kombane, ukuthintela imijikelezo emfutshane, kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo yeenkqubo zombane. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zokukhusela zibandakanya irabha, iplastiki, iglasi, kunye ne-ceramic, nganye inikezela ngeempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Rubber yinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-insulating ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuqina, kunye nokuchasana nokuhamba kombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe kwiintambo zombane kunye neentambo zokubonelela ngoluhlu olukhuselayo olujikeleze izinto zokuqhuba, ukuthintela umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa kombane kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane. Ukongeza kwiipropati zayo zokukhusela umbane, i-rubber iphinda ixhathise ukushisa kunye nokufuma, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokukhetha kwiindawo zokusebenza ezinzima.

Iplastiki, ngakumbi i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), yenye into eyaziwayo yokugquma kwizicelo zombane. I-PVC inikezela ngeempawu ezigqwesileyo zokugquma umbane, kunye nokuba khaphukhaphu, ixesha elide, kwaye lixhathisa kwiikhemikhali kunye nokufuma. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye neendleko eziphantsi kwenza ukuba kube yinto eqhelekileyo ukukhetha iingcingo zokugquma, iintambo, kunye nezixhobo zombane kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

I-Glass kunye ne-ceramic insulators zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo eziphezulu ze-voltage, ezifana nemigca yokuhambisa amandla kunye nezitishi. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngokugqwesileyo kombane kunye namandla omatshini, okubavumela ukuba bamelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezidibana nazo kwezi zicelo. Iglasi kunye ne-ceramic insulators zenzelwe ukubonelela ngokuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye nokhuseleko kwiziseko zombane ezibalulekileyo.

Iisemiconductors

I-Semiconductors zizinto ezinokuqhuba kombane phakathi kwalowo we-conductor kunye ne-insulator. Ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo zombane, zisebenza njengesiseko seetransistors, iidiode, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo. Eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo imathiriyeli ye-semiconductor yi-silicon, eyaziwa ngokuzinza kwayo, ubuninzi bayo, kunye neempawu zombane ezilawulekayo.

I-silicon sisiseko sezinto zombane zanamhlanje, ezisetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwikhompyuter ukuya kwiiseli zelanga. Isakhiwo sayo esizinzile se-crystalline kunye nokukwazi ukuchithwa ngokulula kunye nokungcola ukudala iimpawu ezithile zombane zenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini le-semiconductor. Ukongeza kwi-silicon, ezinye izinto ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-germanium, i-gallium arsenide, kunye ne-silicon carbide zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna iimpawu ezithile zombane.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zombane ze-semiconductors zibenza baxabiseke ekuphuhliseni izixhobo zombane. Benza ukulawula kunye nokukhulisa iimpawu zombane, ukuguqulwa kokukhanya kube ngumbane, kunye nokugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kolwazi kwifomu yedijithali. IiSemiconductors ziyiguqule indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, sibala, kwaye sisebenzisana nehlabathi, siqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kweli xesha langoku.

Izinto zeMagnetic

Izinto zemagneti zibalulekile kwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki, zidlala indima ephambili ekuveliseni, ekugqithiseni nasekusetyenzisweni kwamandla ombane. Zisetyenziswa kwiinjini zombane, ii-transformers, iijenereyitha, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye izixhobo ezixhomekeke kumhlaba womagnetic ukusebenza. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zemagnethi ziquka intsimbi, intsimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kunye ne-alloys ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye ineempawu ezikhethekileyo zemagneti ezenza ukuba zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Intsimbi kunye nentsimbi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni kwee-cores magnetic for transformers kunye neenjini zombane ngenxa yokungena kwazo okuphezulu kunye nokulahleka kwe-hysteresis ephantsi. Ezi zakhiwo zenza ukuba zisebenze kakuhle ekugxininiseni nasekuqhubeni i-magnetic flux, evumela ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kwamandla ombane kwezi zixhobo. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zabo zamagnetic, isinyithi kunye nentsimbi nazo zifumaneka ngokulula kwaye zingabizi, zibenza ukhetho olusebenzayo kwizixhobo zombane ezinkulu.

I-Nickel kunye ne-alloys yayo isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna ukugqithiswa kwemagneti ephezulu, njengokukhuselwa kwamagnetic kunye neziguquli ezikhethekileyo. Ikhono le-nickel lokuqhuba ngokufanelekileyo i-magnetic flux ngelixa lixhathisa imiphumo ye-eddy currents kunye ne-hysteresis yenza ukuba ifaneleke kwezi zicelo. Ukongeza, ii-alloys ze-nickel zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, kunye namandla omatshini, okuvumela ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiindawo ezifuna umbane.

Izixhobo zemagneti ezisekwe kwi-Cobalt zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu, okufana nemagnethi esisigxina kunye nezixhobo zokugcina imagnethi. I-Cobalt ibonelela ngokudityaniswa okukhethekileyo kokugcwala kwamagnetic aphezulu, ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu, kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwezi zicelo. Iimagnethi zeCobalt ziyimfuneko kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zombane, ukusuka kwidisk drive ukuya kwiimotor zombane, apho zibonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nexesha elide.

Izinto zeDielectric

Izinto ze-Dielectric zixhobo ezingezizo ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina nokusabalalisa amandla ombane kwi-capacitors kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane. Ziyilelwe ukuba zimelane neendawo eziphakamileyo zombane ngaphandle kokuqhekeka, zizenza zibaluleke kakhulu kugcino lwamandla, ukulungiswa kwezinto zamandla, kunye nokugqunywa kombane. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-dielectric ziquka i-ceramic, iphepha, iplastiki, kunye nee-oxide zetsimbi ezithile, nganye inikezela ngeempawu ezithile ezenza ukuba zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Izixhobo zeCeramic, ezifana ne-ceramic capacitors, zibonelela ngokugqwesileyo kokusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza, kunye nokuthembeka, okubenza babe lukhetho oludumileyo kwizixhobo zombane. I-Ceramic capacitors isetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kwi-electronics yabathengi ukuya kwiinkqubo ze-automotive kunye ne-aerospace, ukubonelela ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukucoca, kunye nokulungiswa komqondiso. Iimpawu ze-dielectric zezinto ze-ceramic zivumela ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla ombane kwezi zixhobo.

Izinto ze-dielectric ezisekelwe ephepheni zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-insulation yombane kunye ne-capacitors ngenxa yamandla aphezulu e-dielectric, ukuguquguquka, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Ngelixa ingaqhelekanga njengangaphambili, ii-capacitors zamaphepha zisafumana izicelo kwiindawo ezithile ze-niche, ezifana nokunikezelwa kwamandla ombane aphezulu kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa umbane. Ukusetyenziswa kwephepha njengento ye-dielectric ibuyele kwiintsuku zokuqala zobunjineli bombane kwaye iyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo kwizicelo ezithile.

Iicapacitors zeplastiki zeplastiki lukhetho oludumileyo lwezixhobo zombane zanamhlanje, ezinikezela ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwe-insulation, iipropati zokuziphilisa, kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide. Zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, kubandakanywa amandla ombane, ukukhanya, kunye nokunxibelelana ngomnxeba, ukubonelela ngokugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto zamandla. Ii-capacitors zefilimu zeplastiki zenzelwe ukujamelana noluhlu olubanzi lweemeko zokusingqongileyo, okwenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zombane ezahlukeneyo.

Isishwankathelo, izinto zombane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zombane kunye ne-elektroniki, ukusuka kwii-conductor ezihambisa umbane ngoku kwi-insulators ezikhusela ukutshitshiswa kombane, ukusuka kwii-semiconductors ezilawula kunye nokwandisa izibonakaliso zombane kwizinto zombane kunye ne-dielectric ezigcina kwaye zisasaze umbane. amandla. Ukuqonda iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kubalulekile kuyilo, ukusebenza, kunye nokugcinwa kweenkqubo zombane kumashishini amaninzi. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili, uphuhliso lwezixhobo zombane ezitsha neziphuculweyo ziya kuqhuba inguqulelo eyongezelelekileyo kwicandelo lombane kunye ne-elektroniki.