yiziphi izinto zikagesi ezi-5

Ugesi uyingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi wanamuhla. Inika amandla amakhaya ethu, amabhizinisi, kanye nezimboni, iqhubekisela phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha nenqubekelaphambili. Kodwa ngemuva kokunethezeka esikuthatha kalula kunezwe lezinto zikagesi ezenza konke kwenzeke. Kusukela kumakhondakta kuye kuma-insulators, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliselweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kagesi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinto ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zikagesi, sidingida izakhiwo zazo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kanye nokubaluleka emhlabeni kagesi.

Abaqhubi

Ama-conductor ayizinto ezivumela ukuhamba kwamandla kagesi. Asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ugesi usuka kwelinye iphuzu uye kwelinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungontambo kagesi, ibhodi lesifunda, noma intambo kagesi elula. I-conductor evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi ithusi, eyaziwa ngokuqhutshwa kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ngaphezu kwethusi, ezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-aluminium nesiliva nazo zisetshenziswa njengama-conductor emisebenzini ehlukahlukene.

I-Copper iyinketho ethandwayo kuma-conductor ngenxa yokuhamba kahle kwayo kagesi, ukubola, nokumelana nokugqwala. I-conductivity yayo ephezulu ivumela ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo kwamandla kagesi, kuyilapho ukonakala kwawo kwenza kube lula ukwakha ubujamo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Ukwengeza, ukumelana kwethusi nokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala ingumqhubi onokwethenjelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ezinhlelweni zikagesi.

Ngaphezu kwama-conductors ensimbi, kukhona nama-polymers asetshenziswayo asetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lawa ma-polymers akhiwe ngama-molecule e-organic ashintshiwe ukuze aqhube ugesi, enikeza enye indlela eguquguqukayo nengasindi kumakhondaktha ensimbi endabuko. Nakuba engavamile ukusetshenziswa njengamakhondaktha ensimbi, amapholymeri aqhubayo athola ukusetshenziswa okwandayo ezindaweni ezifana ne-electronic flexible kanye nobuchwepheshe obugqokekayo.

Ama-insulators

Ngenkathi ama-conductor avumela ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi, ama-insulators ayizinto ezivimbela ukuhamba kukagesi. Zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela ngokumelene nokushaqeka kukagesi, ukuvimbela izifunda ezimfushane, nokugcina ubuqotho bezinhlelo zikagesi. Izinto ezivamile zokugqumisa zihlanganisa irabha, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, ne-ceramic, ngayinye inikezela ngezakhiwo ezihlukile ezizenza zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile.

I-Rubber iyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuvikela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuqina, nokumelana nokuhamba kukagesi. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezintanjeni zikagesi nasezintanjeni ukuze kuhlinzekwe isendlalelo esivikelayo ezizungeze izakhi zokuqhuba, ukuvimbela ubungozi bokushaqeka kukagesi namasekhethi amafushane. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zayo zokuvikela ugesi, irabha nayo imelana nokushisa nomswakama, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle ezindaweni zokusebenza ezinokhahlo.

Ipulasitiki, ikakhulukazi i-polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC), ingenye impahla evikelayo edumile ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi. I-PVC inikezela ngezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvikela ugesi, futhi ingasindi, ihlala isikhathi eside, futhi imelana namakhemikhali nomswakama. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi kukwenza kube ukukhetha okuvamile ezintanjeni zokuvikela ukushisa, izintambo, namadivayisi kagesi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ama-insulators engilazi kanye ne-ceramic avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamandla kagesi aphezulu, njengezintambo zokudlulisa amandla neziteshi ezincane. Lezi zinto zinikeza ukufakwa kukagesi okuhle kakhulu namandla emishini, okuzivumela ukuthi zimelane nama-voltage aphezulu kanye nezimo zemvelo okuhlangatshezwane nazo kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Ama-insulators engilazi kanye ne-ceramic aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuthembeka nokuphepha kwesikhathi eside kungqalasizinda kagesi ebalulekile.

Ama-semiconductors

Ama-semiconductor yizinto ezisebenza ngogesi phakathi kwaleyo kakhondatha nesivikeli. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile emishinini kagesi, esebenza njengesisekelo sama-transistors, ama-diode, namasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-semiconductor yi-silicon, eyaziwa ngokuzinza, ukuchichima, kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi ezilawulekayo.

I-silicon iyisisekelo sezinto zikagesi zesimanje, ezisetshenziswa kukho konke kusuka kuma-computer chips kuya kumaseli elanga. Isakhiwo sayo sekristalu esizinzile kanye nekhono lokudonswa kalula ngokungcola ukudala izici ezithile zikagesi kuyenza ibe yinto ebalulekile embonini ye-semiconductor. Ngaphezu kwe-silicon, ezinye izinto ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-germanium, i-gallium arsenide, ne-silicon carbide zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezidinga izakhiwo ezithile zikagesi.

Izakhiwo zikagesi eziyingqayizivele zama-semiconductors zibenza babaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini kagesi. Avumela ukulawula nokukhulisa amasignali kagesi, ukuguqulwa kokukhanya kube ugesi, kanye nokugcinwa nokucutshungulwa kolwazi ngendlela yedijithali. Ama-semiconductors aguqule indlela esikhuluma ngayo, esibala, nesisebenzisana ngayo nomhlaba, okuqhubeza ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe esikhathini samanje.

Izinto Zezibuthe

Izinto zikamagnetic zibalulekile ezintweni zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni, ekudluliseni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kagesi. Asetshenziswa kumamotho kagesi, ama-transformer, amajeneretha, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwamanye amadivaysi athembele kumagnetic field ukuze asebenze. Izinto ezivamile kazibuthe zifaka i-iron, insimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt, nama-alloys ahlukahlukene, ngayinye enezici eziyingqayizivele kazibuthe ezizenza zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile.

Insimbi nensimbi kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwamagnetic cores ama-transformers namamotho kagesi ngenxa yokungena kwawo kazibuthe okuphezulu nokulahleka kwe-hysteresis ephansi. Lezi zakhiwo zizenza zisebenze kahle ekugxiliseni nasekuqhubeni i-flux kazibuthe, okuvumela ukudluliswa okusebenzayo kwamandla kagesi kulawa madivaysi. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zazo kazibuthe, insimbi nensimbi nazo zitholakala kalula futhi zingabizi, okuzenza kube ukukhetha okungokoqobo kwemishini kagesi emikhulu.

I-Nickel nama-alloys ayo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga amandla kazibuthe aphezulu, njengokuvikela kazibuthe neziguquli ezikhethekile. Ikhono le-nickel lokuqhuba kahle i-flux kazibuthe ngenkathi iphikisana nemithelela ye-eddy currents kanye ne-hysteresis iyenza ifanele lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukwengeza, ama-nickel alloys anikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, ukuzinza kokushisa, namandla emishini, okuvumela ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezidinga ugesi.

Izinto ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe ezisekelwe ku-cobalt zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukucindezelwa okuphezulu, okufana nozibuthe abangapheli kanye nemishini yokugcina kazibuthe. I-Cobalt inikezela ngenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokugcwala kukazibuthe okuphezulu, ukuphoqa okuphezulu, nokuzinza kokushisa, okuyenza ibe inketho efanelekile yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Ozibuthe be-Cobalt babalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kusukela kuma-hard disk drive kuya kumamotho kagesi, lapho ehlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthembekile nokuhlala isikhathi eside kazibuthe.

Izinto zeDielectric

Izinto ze-Dielectric ziyizinto ezingezona ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina nokusabalalisa amandla kagesi kuma-capacitor namanye amadivaysi kagesi. Aklanyelwe ukumelana nezinkambu zikagesi eziphakeme ngaphandle kokuwohloka, okuzenza zibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni amandla, ukulungiswa kwesici samandla, kanye nokufakwa kukagesi. Izinto ezijwayelekile ze-dielectric zifaka i-ceramic, iphepha, ipulasitiki, nama-oxide ensimbi athile, ngayinye inikezela ngezakhiwo ezithile ezizenza zilungele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile.

Izinto ze-Ceramic, njengama-capacitor e-ceramic, zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-high-frequency, ukuzinza, nokuthembeka, okuzenza kube ukukhetha okudumile kumadivayisi kagesi. Ama-Ceramic capacitor asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi kuya ezinhlelweni zezimoto kanye ne-aerospace, ukuhlinzeka ngokugcinwa kwamandla, ukuhlunga, kanye nesimo sesignali. Izakhiwo ze-dielectric zezinto ze-ceramic zivumela ukugcinwa okuphumelelayo nokukhululwa kwamandla kagesi kulawa madivaysi.

Izinto ze-dielectric ezisekelwe ephepheni zisetshenziswe kakhulu ekufakeni ugesi kanye nama-capacitor ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu e-dielectric, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Nakuba kungavamile njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, ama-paper capacitor asathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezithile ze-niche, njengamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa ugesi. Ukusetshenziswa kwephepha njengento ye-dielectric kubuyela ezinsukwini zokuqala zobunjiniyela bakagesi futhi kuyaqhubeka nokunikeza izixazululo ezisebenzayo ezinhlelweni ezithile.

Ama-capacitor amafilimu epulasitiki ayisinqumo esidumile semishini kagesi yesimanje, enikeza ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, izindawo zokuziphilisa, nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amandla kagesi, ukukhanyisa, kanye nezokuxhumana, ukuhlinzeka ngokugcinwa kwamandla kanye nokulungiswa kwezinto zamandla. Ama-capacitor amafilimu epulasitiki aklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo eziningi zemvelo, awenze afanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zikagesi.

Kafushane, izinto zikagesi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi, kusukela kuma-conductor adlulisela amandla kagesi kuya kuma-insulators avikela ukushaqeka kukagesi, kusukela kuma-semiconductors alawula futhi akhulise amasignali kagesi kuya ezintweni zikagesi kanye ne-dielectric ezigcina futhi zisakaze ugesi. amandla. Ukuqonda izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kubalulekile ekwakhiweni, ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwezinhlelo zikagesi ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zikagesi ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe kuzoqhubeza ukusungulwa okusha emkhakheni kagesi kanye ne-electronics.