UCanwin yiNkampani yeNkampani yoTshintsho lwaMandla kunye noMvelisi woMbane woMbane
Ulwimi
UCanwin yiNkampani yeNkampani yoTshintsho lwaMandla kunye noMvelisi woMbane woMbane
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zezinto zombane ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ezi zinto ziyimfuneko ekuveliseni nasekuhanjisweni kombane kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo ezininzi zombane kunye neenkqubo. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zombane kunye neempawu zazo zibalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza kwintsimi yobunjineli bombane okanye usebenzisa izixhobo zombane. Kule nqaku, siza kuxubusha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.
Ii-conductor zizinto ezikwaziyo ukuthwala umbane. Ezi zixhobo ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngesinyithi, ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminium, ezinomgangatho ophezulu we-conductivity, oku kuthetha ukuba zivumela umbane ukuba uhambe ngokulula kuzo. I-Copper yinto eqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa abaqhubi bombane ngenxa ye-conductivity ephezulu kunye nokuchasana nokubola. I-aluminiyam ikwasetyenziswa njenge-conductor, ngakumbi kwiintambo zokuhambisa amandla ombane aphezulu. Ezinye izinto, ezifana negolide kunye nesilivere, nazo zikwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle kodwa azisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yeendleko zazo eziphezulu.
Ukongeza kwisinyithi, ii-conductors zingenziwa nakwezinye izinto, ezifana nekhabhoni kunye neentlobo ezithile zamanzi. Ikhabhoni isetyenziswa njengomqhubi kwezinye izicelo, ezifana nokuveliswa kweebhrashi zekhabhoni zeenjini zombane. Ezinye iintlobo zamanzi, ezifana namanzi adityanisiweyo okanye amanzi adityanisiweyo, zinokusebenza njengabancedisi phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
I-insulators zizinto ezinokumelana okuphezulu nokuhamba kombane. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela abaqhubi kunye nokuthintela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ombane. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zokugquma zibandakanya irabha, iplastiki, iglasi, kunye neeseramikhi. Ezi zixhobo zikhethwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukumelana nombane ophezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu, kunye nokuchasana nezinto ezisingqongileyo ezifana nokufuma kunye neekhemikhali.
Irabha isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengento yokugquma kwiintambo zombane kunye neengcingo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokuchasana nobushushu kunye nokufuma. Iiplastiki, ezifana ne-PVC kunye ne-polyethylene, zikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezikhuseli kwizicelo zombane. Iglasi kunye neekeramics zisetyenziswe kwi-high-voltage kunye ne-high-temperature applications, apho ezinye izinto ezingenakukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezifunekayo.
I-semiconductors zizinto ezineepropati eziphakathi phakathi kwee-conductor kunye ne-insulators. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zombane, ezifana ne-transistors kunye ne-diode, kwaye ziguqule intsimi yobunjineli bombane. I-Silicon iyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-semiconductor, kwaye iipropati zayo zingatshintshwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-doping, ebandakanya ukongeza amanani amancinci kwezinye izinto kwisakhiwo se-silicon crystal.
Ezinye izixhobo ze-semiconductor ziquka i-germanium kunye ne-gallium arsenide, ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo. Iipropati ze-semiconductors zenza ukuba ziyimfuneko kwimveliso yeesekethe ezidibeneyo, ezenza isiseko sezona zixhobo zombane zanamhlanje. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-semiconductor kunye nethekhnoloji ibe ngumqhubi omkhulu wezinto ezintsha kwishishini le-elektroniki.
I-Superconductors zizinto ezikwazi ukuqhuba umbane ngokuxhathisa i-zero xa zipholile kumaqondo aphantsi kakhulu. Le propati ivumela ii-superconductors ukuba zithwale imisinga emikhulu kakhulu kunee-conductor zemveli kwaye inamandla okuguqula indlela owenziwe ngayo umbane, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane. Iisuperconductors zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifana ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) koomatshini, ii-particle accelerators, kunye nezitimela ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu.
Izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-superconductor ziquka i-niobium-titanium, i-niobium-tin, kunye ne-yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO). Ezi zixhobo ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ngohlobo lweengcingo okanye iiteyiphu ezipholiswe kumaqondo obushushu e-cryogenic kusetyenziswa i-helium engamanzi okanye initrogen. Uphando kwizixhobo ze-superconducting kunye neepropathi zazo ziyaqhubeka, ngenjongo yokufumanisa izinto ezinokuthi zibe yi-superconducting kumaqondo aphezulu okushisa, okwenza kube yinto esebenzayo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
Izinto zemagneti zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zombane, kubandakanya iimotor, iijenereyitha, iziguquli, kunye nee-inductors. Ezi zixhobo zinokuba yi-ferromagnetic, iparamagnetic, okanye i-diamagnetic, kuxhomekeke kwimpendulo yazo kumhlaba wangaphandle wemagnethi. Iimathiriyeli zeFerromagnetic, ezifana nentsimbi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt, zezona zinto ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ngumagnetic ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezinamandla.
Ukongeza kwizixhobo ze-ferromagnetic, kukwakho oomazibuthe abasisigxina abenziwe ngezinto ezifana neodymium, samarium cobalt, kunye neferrite. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho kufuneka intsimi yamagnetic eyomeleleyo kwaye izinzile, njengeemoto zombane kunye noomatshini bokucinga bemagnetic resonance. Ukuqonda iimpawu zezixhobo zamagnetic kubalulekile kuyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zombane ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo.
Ukuqukumbela, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zombane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zombane kunye nezixhobo. Ukusuka kwii-conductor kunye ne-insulators ukuya kwi-semiconductors, i-superconductors, kunye nezixhobo zamagnetic, uhlobo ngalunye lwezinto eziphathekayo luneempawu zalo ezizodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ukuqonda iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza kwintsimi yobunjineli bombane, kunye nakubani na osebenzisa izixhobo zombane kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso kummandla wezinto zombane ziqhubeka nokwandisa amathuba obuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bombane.
