yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto zikagesi

2024/09/05

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini nasezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinto zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasekusabalaliseni ugesi futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemishini eminingi kagesi kanye nezinhlelo. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zikagesi kanye nezakhiwo zazo kubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenza emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bakagesi noma osebenzisa izinto zikagesi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto zikagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.


Abaqhubi

Amaconductors yizinto ezikwazi ukuthwala amandla kagesi. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezinsimbi, njengethusi ne-aluminium, ezinokusebenza okuphezulu, okusho ukuthi zivumela ugesi ukuthi ugeleze kuzo kalula. I-Copper iyinto evamile kakhulu esetshenziselwa ama-conductor kagesi ngenxa ye-conductivity ephezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. I-Aluminium iphinde isetshenziswe njengekhondatha, ikakhulukazi emigqeni yokudlulisela amandla kagesi aphezulu. Ezinye izinto, njengegolide nesiliva, nazo zingamakhondukta amahle kodwa azisetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko zazo eziphezulu.


Ngaphezu kwezinsimbi, ama-conductor angenziwa futhi ngezinye izinto, njenge-carbon nezinhlobo ezithile zamanzi. Ikhabhoni isetshenziswa njengomqhubi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, njengasekukhiqizweni kwamabhulashi ekhabhoni amamotho kagesi. Ezinye izinhlobo zamanzi, ezifana namanzi acwengekile noma amanzi ahlanganisiwe, zingasebenza njengama-conductor ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.


Ama-insulators

Ama-insulators yizinto ezinokumelana okuphezulu nokugeleza kukagesi. Lezi zinto zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela abaqhubi nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kagesi. Izinto ezijwayelekile zokuvikela zifaka irabha, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, nezitsha zobumba. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ngenxa yekhono lazo lokumelana nama-voltage aphezulu namazinga okushisa, kanye nokumelana kwazo nezinto ezizungezile ezifana nomswakama namakhemikhali.


Irabha ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengento evikelayo ezintanjeni zikagesi nasezintanjeni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo nokumelana nokushisa nomswakama. Amapulasitiki, afana ne-PVC ne-polyethylene, nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi njengama-insulators ekufakweni kukagesi. Ingilazi kanye ne-ceramics kusetshenziswa ku-high-voltage kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa eziphezulu, lapho ezinye izinto zingeke zikwazi ukumelana nezimo ezidingekayo.


Ama-semiconductors

Ama-semiconductors izinto ezinezakhiwo ezimaphakathi phakathi kwama-conductor nama-insulators. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto zikagesi, njengama-transistors nama-diode, futhi ziguqule umkhakha wobunjiniyela bakagesi. I-silicon iyinto evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ye-semiconductor, futhi izakhiwo zayo zingashintshwa ngenqubo ye-doping, ehlanganisa ukungeza amanani amancane wezinye izakhi esakhiweni se-silicon crystal.


Ezinye izinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor zifaka i-germanium ne-gallium arsenide, ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile ezikhethekile. Izakhiwo zama-semiconductors zibenza babaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amasekethe ahlanganisiwe, akha isisekelo semishini eminingi yesimanje kagesi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor kube umshayeli omkhulu wokuqanjwa kabusha embonini ye-elekthronikhi.


Ama-Superconductors

Ama-Superconductors yizinto ezinekhono lokuqhuba ugesi ngokumelana ne-zero lapho zipholile emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ama-superconductors ukuthi aphathe imisinga emikhulu kakhulu kunamakhondaktha endabuko futhi anamandla okuguqula indlela ugesi ophehlwa ngayo, odluliswayo, futhi osetshenziswa ngayo. Ama-Superconductors asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana nemishini ye-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana, nezitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu.


Izinto ezivamile ze-superconductor zifaka i-niobium-titanium, i-niobium-tin, ne-yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO). Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ngendlela yezintambo noma amateyipu apholiswa emazingeni okushisa e-cryogenic kusetshenziswa i-helium ewuketshezi noma i-nitrogen. Ukucwaninga ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-superconducting kanye nezakhiwo zazo kuyaqhubeka, ngenhloso yokuthola izinto ezingaba yi-superconducting emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, zizenze zisebenziseke kakhulu kuhlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.


Izinto Zezibuthe

Izinto zikazibuthe zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kufaka phakathi amamotho, amajeneretha, ama-transformer, nama-inductors. Lezi zinto zingaba yi-ferromagnetic, i-paramagnetic, noma i-diamagnetic, kuye ngokusabela kwazo endaweni yangaphandle kazibuthe. Izinto zokwakha ze-Ferromagnetic, njenge-iron, nickel, ne-cobalt, yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kazibuthe ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezinamandla kazibuthe.


Ngokungeziwe ezintweni ze-ferromagnetic, kukhona nozibuthe abangapheli abenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-neodymium, i-samarium cobalt, ne-ferrite. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho kudingeka khona inkambu kazibuthe eqinile futhi ezinzile, njengamamotho kagesi kanye nemishini yokuthwebula ye-magnetic resonance. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zezinto kazibuthe kubalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni amadivaysi kagesi asebenzayo futhi anokwethenjelwa.


Sengiphetha, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zikagesi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo namadivayisi kagesi. Kusukela kuma-conductor nama-insulators kuya kuma-semiconductors, ama-superconductors, nezinto zikazibuthe, uhlobo ngalunye lwempahla lunezinto zalo ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo. Ukuqonda izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenza emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bakagesi, kanye nakunoma ubani osebenzisa izinto zikagesi ezimpilweni zakhe zansuku zonke. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko emkhakheni wezinto zikagesi ngokuqhubekayo andisa amathuba obuchwepheshe obusha nobusha bukagesi.


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