Ukuhlangabezana Nezinselelo Zokudluliswa kukagesi Ezindaweni Ezikhulayo Zasemadolobheni

2024/08/26

Ezweni lanamuhla elikhula ngokushesha emadolobheni, ukugcina ukudluliswa kukagesi okuphumelelayo nokuthembekile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezikhulayo kuyinselele yokubaluleka okukhulu. Ngokukhula kokuminyana kwabantu, inkimbinkimbi yengqalasizinda, kanye nesidingo esinganelisi samandla, izingozi ziphezulu ngendlela emangalisayo. Lesi sihloko sidingida izinselelo ezibalulekile kanye nezixazululo ezisafufusa endabeni yokudluliswa kukagesi. Sihlose ukudalula uxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinkinga namathuba achaza lo mkhakha obalulekile, sinikeza ukubheka kabanzi isimo sokudluliswa kukagesi kwesimanje.


Ubunzima Bengqalasizinda Emadolobheni Anwebekayo


Njengoba izindawo zasemadolobheni ziqhubeka nokwanda, ingqalasizinda ekhona yokudlulisa ugesi ivamise ukuba nzima ukubhekana nezidingo ezikhulayo. Amadolobhakazi abhekene namazinga angakaze abonwe okukhula kwabantu, okuholela ekwenyukeni okulinganayo kokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Lokhu kunyuka kuveza ubunzima obukhulu kumasistimu egridi akhona, amaningi awo ayisidala futhi awahlonyiselwe ukuphatha imithwalo enjalo. Ingqalasizinda ebonakalayo, ehlanganisa ama-transformer, iziteshi ezingaphansi, kanye nezintambo zokudlulisa, idinga ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucisha njalo nokulahlekelwa kwamandla.


Enye yezinto ezisemqoka iminyaka yengqalasizinda. Iningi lenethiwekhi yokudlulisela emadolobheni athuthukile yasungulwa emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule. Lawa masistimu aklanyelwe inkathi ehlukile, enesibalo esincane sabantu kanye namazinga aphansi okusebenzisa. Ngenxa yalokho, bavame ukuntula amandla okuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla esimanje ngokuphumelelayo. Leli qiniso ligqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kanye, ezimweni eziningi, ukulungisa ngokuphelele izintambo zokudlulisela ezikhona kanye neziteshi ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunakekelwa kwalezi zinhlelo ezigugile kuya ngokuya kubize kakhulu futhi kube nzima, okwengeza ezinselele zokusebenza.


Izixazululo ezintsha, njengokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile, zinesithembiso ekubhekaneni nalezi zinkinga. Amagridi ahlakaniphile asebenzisa izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe namasistimu azenzakalelayo ukuze aqaphe, alawule, futhi alungiselele ukudluliswa kukagesi ngenethiwekhi. Lobu buchwepheshe bungathuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka kwegridi, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusabela ekufuneni ukushintshashintsha. Nokho, ukusebenzisa lobo buchwepheshe kuza nesethi yakho yezinselelo, okuhlanganisa izindleko eziphezulu kanye nesidingo sabasebenzi abanamakhono ukuze baphathe futhi bagcine lezi zinhlelo ezithuthukile.


Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwamadolobha kuvame ukuholela emigomeni yendawo eyenza kube nzima ukubekwa kwengqalasizinda entsha yokuthutha. Emadolobheni anabantu abaningi, ukuthola izindawo ezifanele zeziteshi ezincanyana noma izintambo zokudlulisela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu ezakhiweni ezikhona kuwumsebenzi onzima. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlelwa kwedolobha okusha kanye nendlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zedolobha, izinkampani zezinsiza, kanye nomphakathi.


Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo


Njengoba umfutho womhlaba wonke oya kumandla esimeme udlondlobala, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kumagridi kagesi wasemadolobheni kuveza isethi yako yezinselelo. Imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga nawomoya ishintshashintsha ngokwemvelo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kugridi kudinga izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulinganisa ukuze kugcinwe ukutholakala kwamandla okuzinzile. Izindawo zasemadolobheni, nezidingo zazo zamandla eziphakeme neziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi zilwa nokuguquguquka kwale mithombo.


Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko isidingo sezixazululo zokugcina amandla. Ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla avuselelekayo ngempumelelo, kufanele kube nezinhlelo ezikhona zokugcina amandla engeziwe akhiqizwa ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza eziphezulu ukuze asetshenziswe ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza okuphansi. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namabhethri e-lithium-ion, indawo yokugcina amanzi empontshwa, nezixazululo ezivelayo njengama-supercapacitor kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla e-flywheel kuyahlolwa ukuze kubhekwane nalesi sidingo. Nokho, ukusatshalaliswa ngezinga elikhulu kwalezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe kusabhekene nezithiyo zezezimali nezobuchwepheshe.


Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqalasizinda yegridi ekhona ivamise ukudinga ukuguqulwa okukhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nogesi ovuselelekayo. Amagridi endabuko aklanyelwe ukuphehlwa kukagesi endaweni eyodwa, kanti imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ivamise ukuhlukaniswa. Lolu shintsho ludinga ukuthuthukiswa kwama-microgrid kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha imithombo yamandla asabalalisiwe. Ama-Microgrid, angasebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwegridi emaphakathi, azuzisa kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni njengoba ethuthukisa ukuqina futhi ehlisa ukulahleka kokudluliselwa.


Izinqubomgomo nezinhlaka zokulawula nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ohulumeni nezindikimba ezilawulayo kudingeka bakhe izimo ezikahle zokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo nengqalasizinda. Imihlomulo efana nezaphulelo zentela, uxhaso, nezinqubomgomo ezisekelayo zibalulekile ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukwamukelwa kwezinto ezivuselelekayo. Ukwengeza, izimiso ezicacile eziphathelene nokuxhumana kwegridi nokuhweba kwamandla kungasiza ukuhlanganiswa okushelelayo kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.


Izindlela Ezintsha Zezobuchwepheshe kanye namaGridi Ahlakaniphile


Ukufika kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wamagridi ahlakaniphile, kumemezela inkathi entsha yokudluliswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Amagridi ahlakaniphile asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana obudijithali ukuthola nokusabela ezinguqukweni zasendaweni ekusetshenzisweni, okuqinisekisa inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ugesi eguquguqukayo nesebenza ngempumelelo. Lezi zinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa ukwethembeka okuthuthukisiwe, ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokwehla kwezindleko zokusebenza.


Ingxenye ebalulekile yamagridi ahlakaniphile ingqalasizinda yemitha ethuthukisiwe (AMI). Lawa masistimu ahlinzeka ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela mayelana nokusetshenziswa kukagesi, okwenza izinkampani zensiza zikwazi ukuphatha ukufunwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi zithole izinkinga ngokushesha. Abathengi nabo bayazuza njengoba bekwazi ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwamandla, babasize ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi olunzulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okungase kuholele ekongiweni kwamandla nokonga izindleko.


Okunye okusha okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa kwe-automated demand response (ADR). Amasistimu e-ADR alungisa isidingo samandla esikhundleni sokunikezela, asize ukulinganisa igridi ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu, i-ADR ingacisha ikude noma yehlise imithwalo engabalulekile, njengamasistimu okushisa komoya ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, ukuvimbela ukulayishwa ngokweqile kwegridi. Lokhu kuphatha okuguquguqukayo kokusatshalaliswa kukagesi akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwegridi kodwa futhi kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla etholakalayo.


Ubuchwepheshe beBlockchain nabo benza ukungena ekudluliselweni kukagesi ngamandla okuguqula ukuhweba kwamandla kanye nokuphathwa kwegridi. I-Blockchain ingenza lula ukuhweba kwamandla kontanga kuya kontanga, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi bathenge futhi bathengise amandla avuselelekayo ngokweqile ngokuqondile. Lokhu kwenza kube nentando yeningi ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla futhi kusiza ekuphatheni ngempumelelo nasekuhlanganiseni izinsiza zamandla ezisabalalisiwe.


I-Cybersecurity ingesinye isici esibalulekile samagridi athuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokukhula kokufakwa kwedijithali, ubungozi bokuhlaselwa yi-inthanethi kungqalasizinda kagesi iye yanda. Ukuthuthukisa izimiso eziqinile zokuphepha ku-inthanethi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwegridi kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ezinsongweni ezingaba khona. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa (i-AI) nokufunda komshini kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi ngokuthola okudidayo nokubikezela imizamo yokwephula engaba khona.


Imithelela Yezemvelo Nezempilo


Ukudluliswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezikhulayo kuhambisana nokucatshangelwa okuhlukahlukene kwemvelo nempilo. Ukwakhiwa nokunakekelwa kwengqalasizinda yokudlulisa kungaphazamisa imvelo yendawo futhi kube nomthelela ekungcoleni. Izintambo zamandla kagesi aphezulu, iziteshi ezingaphansi, nezinye izakhiwo ezihlobene ngokuvamile zidinga ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okubalulekile, okungaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokushintsha kwendawo.


Okunye okukhathazayo ngaso leso sikhathi umthelela wezinkambu ze-electromagnetic fields (EMF) ezikhiqizwe yizintambo zokudlulisa amandla kagesi aphezulu. Nakuba izinhlangano ezilawulayo sezisungule imihlahlandlela yokuphepha, ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo kule mikhakha kuyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo nenkulumo-mpikiswano. Ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngezingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona, okuhlanganisa umdlavuza nezinye izifo, kudinga ukuxhumana okusobala nokuqinisekiswa okuvela ezinkampanini ezisiza umphakathi kanye neziphathimandla zezempilo.


Ukwengeza, indawo ezungezile yengqalasizinda yokudlulisa ugesi ayinakuzitshwa. Ukukhiqizwa, ukufakwa, kanye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kulezi zinhlelo kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni. Ukuklama nokusebenzisa izinto ezisimeme nezinqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wemvelo. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izinto ezigaywa kabusha zezintambo zikagesi kanye nokuqinisekisa izimiso ezifanele zokulawulwa kwemfucuza kunganciphisa kakhulu ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.


Okunye ukucatshangelwa okukhulu kwemvelo ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudlulisa. Amasistimu okudlulisa endabuko angalahlekelwa inani elibalulekile likagesi njengokushisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamabanga amade. Ukuthuthukela kumasistimu asebenza kahle kakhulu, afana nobuchwepheshe be-high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kunganciphisa lokhu kulahlekelwa futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwawo wonke amandla. Ngokunciphisa ukulahleka kokudluliselwa, siphinde sehlise inani lezemvelo elihlobene nokukhiqiza amandla engeziwe ukuze sinxephezele lokhu kungasebenzi kahle.


Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa komsindo ovela eziteshini ezincane kanye nezintambo zokuthutha kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eziminyene. Umsindo oqhubekayo ungathinta inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi eziseduze, okuholela ezinkingeni zezempilo ezifana nengcindezi, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, nokungezwa kahle. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa umsindo kanye nokusungula izindawo ezivimbelayo ezizungeze ingqalasizinda ebalulekile kunganciphisa le mithelela.


Iqhaza Lenqubomgomo Nokulawula


Inqubomgomo nemithethonqubo ibalulekile ekubumbeni ikusasa lokudluliswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ohulumeni badlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni uhlaka izinkampani ezisebenza ngaphansi kwazo. Izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo esebenzayo ingakhuthaza izinqubo ezizinzile, iqinisekise isevisi ethembekile, futhi ivikele izintshisekelo zabathengi.


Enye yezinto ezicatshangelwayo zokulawula kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokuqina kwegridi. Izinqubomgomo kufanele zigunyaze ukugcinwa njalo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yokudlulisa ukuze kunqandwe ukunqamuka nokuqinisekisa ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo. Ohulumeni bangakwazi futhi ukugqugquzela ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, obufana namagridi ahlakaniphile nezixazululo zokugcina amandla avuselelekayo, ngezibonelelo, uxhaso, kanye nezinxephezelo zentela.


Ukuvikelwa kwabathengi kungesinye isici esibalulekile sokulawula. Izinqubomgomo kufanele zivikele abathengi ezenzweni ezingalungile futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi bathola isevisi ethembekile ngamanani afanelekile. Imithetho kufanele futhi igunyaze izinqubo zokukhokha ezisobala futhi ibeke izindinganiso zokuxazulula izinkinga zesevisi ngokushesha. Izinhlelo zokufundisa abathengi, ezigqamisa izinzuzo zokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, kufanele zithuthukiswe ukuze kugxilwe ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezinsiza nabasebenzisi.


Ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni (R&D) kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo zokudluliswa kukagesi. Ohulumeni kufanele babele izimali futhi bakhe izinhlelo zokusekela ukuqanjwa kabusha kulo mkhakha. Imizamo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkampani zikahulumeni nezizimele ingasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, iqhubekisele phambili inqubekelaphambili futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwamagridi kagesi asemadolobheni.


Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuqondanisa kwamazinga kubalulekile, uma kubhekwa isimo somhlaba wonke semakethe yamandla. Ukuvumelanisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe nezinhlaka zokulawula emingceleni kungasiza ukuhlanganiswa kokuhwebelana ngogesi onqamula imingcele kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamagridi axhumene. Le ndlela yokuthuthukisa ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwamandla kodwa futhi ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo, okunikela ezinhlosweni zokusimama komhlaba.


Sengiphetha, ukudluliswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezikhulayo kuyinselelo ehlukahlukene edinga indlela ebanzi. Ukubhekana nobunzima bengqalasizinda, ukuhlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokucabangela imithelela yemvelo nempilo konke kuyizici ezibalulekile. Iqhaza lenqubomgomo nokulawula angeke leqiswe, njengoba zenza isisekelo sohlelo lokudluliswa kukagesi olusimeme nolusebenzayo. Njengoba ukuthuthela emadolobheni kuqhubeka ngesivinini, imizamo ebumbene evela kubo bonke ababambiqhaza izobaluleka ekuhlangabezaneni nalezi zinselele kanye nokuqinisekisa ikusasa lamandla elithembekile emadolobheni ethu.


Ukufingqa, izimfuno zamandla ezikhulayo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zidinga intuthuko enkulu kanye nokulungisa ingqalasizinda yokudlulisa ugesi. Ukwamukela izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe njengamagridi ahlakaniphile, ukwakha izinhlaka eziqinile zokulawula, nokuzibophezela ekusimameni kwemvelo kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Imizamo yokubambisana phakathi kohulumeni, izinkampani zezinsiza, kanye nabathengi izovula indlela yezinhlelo zokudluliswa kukagesi eziqinile nezisebenza kahle ezingahlangabezana nezinselelo zezindawo zethu zasemadolobheni ezithuthukayo.

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