Umqolo waMandla: Ukuqonda uThutho loMbane kunye noSasazo

Ukuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane ngumqolo weenkqubo zamandla, ezinoxanduva lokuhambisa umbane ukusuka kumaziko ombane ukuya ezindlini, kumashishini, nakumashishini. Ukuqonda ubunzima kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yothumelo kunye nokuhanjiswa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni unikezelo lombane oluthembekileyo nolusebenzayo. Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga kwimiba esisiseko yokuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane, ukusuka kwiziseko ezingundoqo kunye nobuchwepheshe obubandakanyekayo ukuya kwimingeni kunye nezinto ezintsha ezibumba ishishini.

Iziseko zoThutho loMbane

Ukuhanjiswa kombane yinkqubo yokususa izixa ezikhulu zombane ukusuka kumaziko ombane ukuya kwizitishi ezincinci, apho uthi usasazwe kubathengi. Inkqubo yothumelo iquka iintambo zombane eziphezulu, iinguqu, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezenzelwe ukuthutha umbane kumgama omde kunye nelahleko encinci. Iintambo zothumelo lwe-voltage ephezulu, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yigridi," ziqhagamshelwe ukwenza uthungelwano olujikeleza imimandla okanye amazwe. Igridi ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwamandla phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo, ukubonelela ngokulinganayo kunye nemfuno kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.

EUnited States, isixokelelwano sothumelo sisebenza kumandla ombane angama-69,000 volts (69 kV) okanye ngaphezulu, kunye nemigca ethile esebenza kumandla ombane angaphezu kwama-765,000 volts (765 kV). Amandla ombane aphezulu ayimfuneko ukuze kuncitshiswe ilahleko yamandla ngexesha lothumelo, njengoko umbane udibana noxhathiso njengoko uhamba ngee-conductor. Ngokunyusa i-voltage, i-current ingancitshiswa, ibangele ilahleko yamandla ephantsi kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla okusebenzayo.

Iintambo zothumelo zidla ngokuxhaswa ziinqaba ezinde okanye iipali kwaye zigqunyiwe ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kombane okanye iimpazamo. Uyilo nolwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zothumelo lubalulekile ekumelaneni neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezifana nomoya, umkhenkce, kunye nombane, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.

Indima yoThungelwano loSasazo

Nje ukuba umbane ufikelele kwizitishi ezingaphantsi ngenkqubo yothumelo, emva koko usasazwe kumakhaya, kumashishini, nakwabanye abasebenzisi bokugqibela ngothungelwano lokuhambisa. Uthungelwano losasazo lusebenza kumandla ombane asezantsi, aqhele ukuqala ukusuka kuma-4,000 volts (4 kV) ukuya kuma-33,000 volts (33 kV) kwimimandla yasezidolophini nasemaphandleni. I-voltage iyancipha ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa ii-transformers ezifakwe kwiipali zokusetyenziswa okanye ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwezitishi, ukuguqula umbane kumanqanaba ombane aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ngabathengi (umzekelo, i-120/240 volts e-United States).

Igridi yokuhambisa iquka uthungelwano olukhulu lweentambo zombane, iintambo, iiswitshi, kunye neziguquli ezihambisa umbane kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Iinkqubo zokusasaza zenzelwe ukuthembeka kunye nokuguquguquka, kunye ne-redundancy eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokungaphumeleli kwezixhobo okanye ukuphuma. Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye nokulawula zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa ukuhanjiswa kombane, ukukhangela iimpazamo, nokubuyisela inkonzo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukongeza ekuhanjisweni kombane, uthungelwano losasazo lukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaniseni imithombo yamandla esasazwayo (DERs) efana neepaneli zelanga, iiinjini zomoya, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina amandla. Njengoko ukwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo buqhubeka bukhula, abaqhubi benkqubo yokusabalalisa bajongene nemingeni emitsha ekulawuleni ukuhamba kombane ngeendlela ezimbini kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwegridi.

IiTekhnoloji eziPhambili kunye neZixhobo

Ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane kuxhomekeke kuluhlu lwetekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthembekileyo. Imigca yokuhanjiswa kwe-voltage ephezulu ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe nge-aluminium okanye i-conductors yensimbi exhaswa yi-insulators kunye neenqaba zensimbi. Amacandelo aphambili anje ngezaphuli zesekethe, iziguquli, kunye neecapacitors zibalulekile ekulawuleni amanqanaba ombane, ukulawula ukuhamba kwamandla, kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwenkqubo.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-electronics yamandla kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kwe-high-voltage ngqo (HVDC), ezibonelela ngeenzuzo ezifana nokulahlekelwa kwamandla aphantsi kwimigama emide kunye nokukwazi ukudibanisa iigridi ze-asynchronous. Itekhnoloji ye-HVDC ifaneleke ngokukodwa ukudibanisa imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo ebekwe kude kumaziko oluntu, ivumela ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kwamandla acocekileyo.

Kwicala lokusasaza, itekhnoloji ye-smart grid iye yavela njengendlela yokuphucula iziseko zophuhliso oludala kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokomelela kwegridi. Isiseko semitha esiphezulu (i-AMI), iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zokusasazwa, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula igridi-edge zivumela ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela, ukulawulwa kude, kunye nokulungiswa kwempahla yokusabalalisa. Obu bugcisa buququzelela ulawulo lomthwalo, impendulo yemfuno, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezithuthi zombane, zivula indlela yegridi ezinzileyo kunye nesabelayo.

Imicelimngeni kunye nezinto ezintsha kwiShishini

Ishishini lokuhambisa umbane kunye nokusasaza umbane lijongene nemingeni emininzi, ukusukela kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezigugayo kunye nezoyikiso zokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity kudityaniswa nemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo aguqukayo kunye nokomelela kwegridi. Njengoko imfuno yombane iqhubeleka nokukhula, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphucula nokwandisa iinkqubo zothumelo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwazo ukuze zivumelane nokukhula komthwalo omtsha kunye neepatheni zokutshintsha zokusetyenziswa.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokukhuselwa kwegridi yinto ephambili ephambili, inikwe impembelelo enokubakho yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyberattacks, iintlekele zendalo, kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezimbi kakhulu kwiziseko zombane. Iinzame zokuphucula igridi, ezifana nokusasazwa kohlahlelo lwegridi ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphambili, kujolise ekwandiseni ukomelela nokomelela kwenkqubo yokuhanjiswa kombane.

Izinto ezintsha zokugcina amandla, i-microgrids, kunye ne-grid-edge teknoloji inamandla okuguqula indlela yokuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane. Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, kubandakanywa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neebhetri zokuhamba, zinika amandla okugcina amandla angaphezulu kunye nokuhambisa xa kufuneka, ukuncedisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yegridi ngexesha leemfuno eziphakamileyo okanye iimeko eziphuthumayo.

Ii-Microgrids, eziziinkqubo zamandla zendawo ezinokuthi zisebenze ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngokubambisana negridi eyintloko, zibambe isithembiso sokuphucula ukuthembeka kwamandla kunye nokukhonza iziseko ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lokucima igridi. Ngokubandakanya isizukulwana esabiweyo, ukugcinwa kwamandla, kunye nolawulo oluhlakaniphile, i-microgrids inokubonelela ngomthombo othembekileyo kunye nokuqina kwamandla kuluntu, izibhedlele, iziseko zomkhosi kunye neendawo zorhwebo.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kombane zenza iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo ezixhasa uthungelwano lwamandla lwale mihla, okwenza ukuba ukhutshelo olusebenzayo noluthembekileyo lombane ukusuka kwimithombo yokuvelisa ukuya kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweentambo zothumelo, izitishi ezincinci, kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa zixhaswa bubuchwepheshe obuphambili kunye nezixhobo eziyilelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguquguqukayo zeshishini lombane.

Njengoko eli shishini liqhubeka nokujongana nemingeni eyahlukahlukeneyo kunye namathuba, afana nokuphuculwa kweegridi, ukudityaniswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo, kunye nokomeleza ukomelela, kubalulekile ukuba abachaphazelekayo basebenzisane kwaye benze izinto ezintsha ukuze kwakhiwe inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kombane ezinzileyo nekhuselekileyo. Ngokwamkela ubugcisa obutsha, ukuphumeza ukuphuculwa kweegridi, kunye nokukhuthaza ingqondo ezinzileyo, icandelo lokuhambisa umbane kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane lingakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemeko yamandla kwaye liqhubeke nokubonelela ngamandla athembekileyo kuluntu nakumashishini. Ngotyalo-mali oluqhubekayo kunye nokuqhubela phambili, umqolo wamandla uya kuhlala womelele kwaye usabela kwiimfuno zekamva.