Umgogodla Wamandla: Ukuqonda Ukudluliswa Nokusabalalisa Ugesi

Ukudluliswa nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi kuwumgogodla wezinhlelo zikagesi, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuletha ugesi ezikhungweni zikagesi uwuyise ezindlini, amabhizinisi, kanye nezimboni. Ukuqonda ubunzima kanye nokusebenza kohlelo lokudluliswa nokusabalalisa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphakelwa kukagesi okuthembekile nokusebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sizocubungula izici ezibalulekile zokudluliswa nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi, kusukela engqalasizinda kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhilelekile kuye ezinseleleni nokwenziwa okusha okubumba imboni.

Izisekelo Zokudluliswa kukagesi

Ukudluliswa kukagesi kuyinqubo yokuhambisa amanani amakhulu kagesi usuka ezikhungweni zikagesi uyiswe eziteshini ezincane, lapho uzobe ususakazwa kubathengi. Uhlelo lokudlulisa luqukethe izintambo zamandla kagesi aphezulu, ama-transformer, nezinye izinto zokusebenza eziklanyelwe ukuthutha ugesi amabanga amade ngokulahleka okuncane. Olayini bamandla kagesi aphezulu, abavame ukubizwa ngokuthi "igridi," baxhumekile ukuze bakhe inethiwekhi enqamula izifunda noma amazwe. Igridi ivumela ukudluliswa kwamandla phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene, ukulinganisa ukuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwethembeka kwesistimu.

E-United States, isistimu yokudlulisela isebenza kuma-voltage angu-69,000 volts (69 kV) noma ngaphezulu, ngemigqa ethile esebenza kuma-voltage angaphezu kuka-765,000 volts (765 kV). Ama-voltage aphezulu ayadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, njengoba ugesi uhlangabezana nokumelana njengoba uhamba kumakhondakta. Ngokwandisa i-voltage, yamanje ingancishiswa, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla okuphansi kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla okuphumelelayo.

Imigqa yokudlulisela ngokuvamile isekelwa imibhoshongo emide noma izigxobo futhi ivalwe ukuvikela ukukhishwa kukagesi noma amaphutha. Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yokudlulisa kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezimo zemvelo ezifana nomoya, iqhwa, nombani, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi nezilwane zasendle.

Iqhaza lamanethiwekhi okusabalalisa

Uma ugesi usufinyelele eziteshini ezincane ngohlelo lokudlulisa, ube usuhanjiswa ezindlini, emabhizinisini, nakwabanye abasebenzisi bokugcina ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa. Amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa asebenza ngama-voltage aphansi, ngokuvamile asukela ku-4,000 volts (4 kV) kuya ku-33,000 volts (33 kV) ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni. Amandla kagesi aphinde ancishiswe ngama-transformer afakwe ezigxotsheni zezinsiza noma atholakala ngaphakathi kweziteshi ezincane, aguqulela ugesi kumazinga kagesi ajwayelekile asetshenziswa abathengi (isb., 120/240 volts e-United States).

Igridi yokusabalalisa ihlanganisa inethiwekhi enkulu yezintambo zikagesi, izintambo, amaswishi, nama-transformer aletha ugesi kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Amasistimu okusabalalisa adizayinelwe ukwethembeka nokuvumelana nezimo, nokungadingeki okwakhelwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kokuhluleka kwemishini noma ukucisha. Amasistimu okuqapha nokulawula athuthukisiwe asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kukagesi, ukubona amaphutha, nokubuyisela isevisi ngesikhathi.

Ngokungeziwe ekuletheni ugesi, amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izinsiza zamandla asabalalisiwe (ama-DER) njengamaphaneli elanga, izinjini zomoya, namadivayisi okugcina amandla. Njengoba ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo kuqhubeka kukhula, abaqhubi besistimu yokusabalalisa babhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekulawuleni ukuhamba kukagesi ngezindlela ezimbili kanye nokugcina ukuqina kwegridi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinsimbi Ezibalulekile

Ukudluliswa nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe namathuluzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokuthembekile. Imigqa yokudluliswa kwe-high-voltage ngokuvamile yenziwe nge-aluminium noma amakhondatha ensimbi asekelwa izivikeli kanye nemibhoshongo yensimbi. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana nama-circuit breaker, ama-transformer, nama-capacitor zibalulekile ekulawuleni amazinga kagesi, ukulawula ukugeleza kwamandla, nokugcina ukuqina kohlelo.

Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bamandla kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokudlulisa amandla zamanje (i-HVDC), ezinikeza izinzuzo ezinjengokulahlekelwa kwamandla okuphansi ezindaweni ezikude kanye nekhono lokuxhuma amagridi angavumelanisi. Ubuchwepheshe be-HVDC bufaneleka ngokukhethekile ukuxhumanisa izinsiza zamandla avuselelekayo ezitholakala kude nezikhungo zabantu, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwamandla ahlanzekile ngendlela efanele.

Ngasohlangothini lokusabalalisa, ubuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile buye bavela njengendlela yokwenza ingqalasizinda eguga ibe yesimanje futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina kwegridi. Ingqalasizinda yokulinganisa ethuthukisiwe (i-AMI), izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zokusabalalisa, kanye namadivayisi okulawula ama-grid-edge anika amandla ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, isilawuli kude, kanye nokwenza kahle kwezimpahla zokusabalalisa. Lobu buchwepheshe busiza ukuphatha umthwalo, ukusabela kwesidingo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezimoto zikagesi, okuvula indlela yegridi esimeme futhi esabelayo.

Izinselele kanye Nokusungulwayo Kwemboni

Imboni yokudluliswa kukagesi kanye nokusabalalisa ibhekene nenqwaba yezinselelo, kusukela engqalasizinda egugile kanye nezinsongo zokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ashintshashintshayo kanye nokuqina kwegridi. Njengoba isidingo sikagesi siqhubeka sikhula, kunesidingo esicindezelayo sokuthuthukisa nokwandisa izinhlelo zokudlulisa nokusabalalisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhula komthwalo omusha kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa ashintshayo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokuvikeleka kwegridi kuyinto ehamba phambili, uma kubhekwa umthelela ongaba khona wokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi, izinhlekelele zemvelo, nezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kwingqalasizinda kagesi. Imizamo yokwenza igridi ibe yesimanje, njengokuthunyelwa kwezibalo zegridi ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokulungiswa okubikezelwayo, kuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ukuqina nokuqina kohlelo lokulethwa kukagesi.

Izindlela ezintsha zokugcina amandla, ama-microgrid, kanye nobuchwepheshe begridi bunamandla okuguqula indlela ugesi osakazwa ngayo futhi osakazwa ngayo. Amasistimu okugcina amandla, okuhlanganisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion namabhethri okugeleza, anikeza ikhono lokugcina amandla engeziwe futhi alethwe lapho kudingeka, okusiza ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nokunikeza ukusekelwa kwegridi phakathi nezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu noma izimo eziphuthumayo.

Ama-Microgrid, okuyizinhlelo zamandla zasendaweni ezingasebenza ngokuzimela noma ngokuhlanganyela negridi eyinhloko, anesithembiso sokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwamandla kanye nokuhlinzeka ingqalasizinda ebalulekile phakathi nokucisha kwegridi. Ngokuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza okusabalalisiwe, ukugcinwa kwamandla, nezilawuli ezihlakaniphile, ama-microgrid anganikeza umthombo wamandla onokwethenjelwa noqinile emiphakathini, izibhedlela, izisekelo zamasosha, nezindawo zezentengiselwano.

Isiphetho

Ukudluliswa nokusabalalisa kukagesi kwakha ingqalasizinda ebalulekile esekela igridi kagesi yesimanje, okuvumela ukudluliselwa okuphumelelayo nokuthembekile kukagesi usuka emithonjeni yokuphehla ugesi uye kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezintambo zikagesi, iziteshi ezincane, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa zisekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nezinto zokusebenza eziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziguqukayo zemboni kagesi.

Njengoba imboni iqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele namathuba ahlukahlukene, njengokwenza igridi ibe yesimanjemanje, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuqina, kubalulekile ukuthi ababambiqhaza basebenzisane futhi basungule izinto ezintsha ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lokulethwa kukagesi oluzinzile noluvikelekile. Ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa kwegridi, kanye nokukhuthaza umqondo oqinile, umkhakha wokudluliswa nokusabalalisa ugesi ungavumelana nesimo esishintshayo samandla futhi uqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngamandla athembekile emiphakathini nakumabhizinisi. Ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko, umgogodla wamandla uzohlala uqinile futhi usabela ezidingweni zesikhathi esizayo.