Iindlela zokubala zeelahleko ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-impedance voltages ye-transformers

Ifomula yoBalo lweLahleko yeTransformer

(1) Ilahleko yamandla esebenzayo: ΔP=Po+KT β2 Pk

(2) Ukulahleka kwamandla asebenzayo: ΔQ=Qo+KT β2 Qk

(3) Ilahleko yamandla ebanzi: ΔPz=ΔP+KQΔQ

Qo≈Io%Sn, Qk≈Uk%Sn

Apho: Qo - akukho-mthwalo ilahleko yamandla esebenzayo (kvar)

Po——akukho mthwalo ulahlekileyo (kW)

I-Pk——Ixabiso lelahleko yomthwalo (kW)

I-Sn - umthamo okalelwe kwisiguquli (kVA)

Uk%——ipesenti yombane wesekethe emfutshane

β——imeko yomthwalo, engumlinganiselo womthwalo wangoku ukuya kumlinganiselo wangoku.

KT——ukuguquguquka komlinganiselo welahleko

Qk——Umthamo olinganisiweyo wokuvuza kwamandla (kvar)

KQ——esebenzayo ngokulinganayo kwezoqoqosho (kW/kvar)

Imiqathango yokukhetha yeparameter nganye ekubaleni le fomula ingentla:

(1) Thatha i-KT=1.05;

(2) Xa owona mthwalo uphantsi wenkqubo uthatyathelwa i-6kV~10kV isiguquli esisuka ezantsi segridi yamandla asezidolophini kunye negridi yamandla eshishini loshishino, amandla ayo asebenzayo alingana ne-KQ=0.1kW/kvar;

(3) Umyinge wemeko yomthwalo we-transformer yi-β=20% kwiziguquli zezolimo; kumashishini amashishini, iishifti ezintathu ziphunyeziwe, kwaye i-β=75% iyanqweneleka;

(4) Iiyure zokusebenza zeTransformer T = 8760h, iiyure ezininzi zokulahlekelwa ngumthwalo: t = 5500h;

(5) Transformer akukho-mthwalo ilahleko Po, ilahleko umthwalo rated Pk, Io%, Uk%, ubone ulwazi lwemveliso yemveliso.

Iimpawu zeelahleko zeTransformer

I-Po - akukho mthwalo wokulahlekelwa, ngokukodwa ukulahleka kwentsimbi, kubandakanywa ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kunye nokulahleka kwangoku kwe-eddy;

Ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kuhambelana nokuphindaphinda; ilingana namandla e-hysteresis coefficient yobuninzi be-magnetic flux density.

Ilahleko yangoku ye-eddy ilingana nemveliso yobuninzi, ubuninzi bobuninzi bemagnethi, kunye nobukhulu beshiti lensimbi ye-silicon.

I-Pc——Ilahleko yomthwalo, ubukhulu becala ilahleko ekuxhathiseni xa umthwalo wangoku udlula kwi-winging, ebizwa ngokuba yilahleko yobhedu. Ubungakanani bayo buhluka kunye nomthwalo wangoku kwaye buhambelana nesikwere somthwalo wangoku; (kwaye ibonakaliswe ngexabiso lokuguqulwa kobushushu obuqhelekileyo bekhoyili).

Ilahleko yomthwalo nayo ichaphazeleka kubushushu be-transformer. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvuza okuvuzayo okubangelwa ngumthwalo wangoku kuya kuvelisa ilahleko yangoku ye-eddy kwi-winging kunye nelahleko elahlekileyo kwinxalenye yentsimbi ngaphandle kokujija.

Iyonke ilahleko yesiguquli ΔP=Po+Pc

Umlinganiselo welahleko yeTransformer = iPc / Po

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-transformer = Pz/(Pz+ΔP), echazwe njengepesenti; apho i-Pz ingamandla emveliso yecala lesibini le-transformer.

Ukubalwa koMbane welahleko eguquguqukayo

Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla e-transformer kuqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini: ilahleko yentsimbi kunye nobhedu. Ilahleko yentsimbi ihambelana nexesha elisebenzayo, kwaye ukulahleka kobhedu kuhambelana nomthwalo. Ngoko ke, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kufuneka kubalwe ngokwahlukileyo.

1. Ukubalwa kombane welahleko yentsimbi: Ilahleko yombane wentsimbi yeemodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye namandla, ifomula yokubala yile: ilahleko yentsimbi yombane (kWh) = ilahleko yomthwalo (kW) × ixesha lonikezelo lwamandla (iiyure)

Ilahleko engenamthwalo (ilahleko yentsimbi) ye-transformer yokusabalalisa inokutshekishwa kwitafile eqhotyoshelweyo, kwaye ixesha lonikezelo lwamandla lixesha langempela lokuqhuba i-transformer, egqitywe ngokwemigaqo elandelayo:

(1) Kubasebenzisi abanombane oqhubekayo, inyanga yonke ibalwa njengeeyure ezingama-720.

(2) Ngenxa yezizathu zothungelwano lwamandla, unikezelo lwamandla okwethutyana okanye unikezelo lombane olunyiniweyo, ubalo luya kusekelwa kwezona yure zobonelelo lwamandla ombane wesikhululo kumsebenzisi, kwaye aluyi kuthathwa njengolunzima ukubala, kwaye luya kubalwa. ngokwesiseko sokusebenza kwenyanga epheleleyo. Ixesha kufuneka litsalwe xa kubalwa ilahleko yentsimbi.

(3) Abasebenzisi abaxhotyiswe ngamawashi adibeneyo kwicala le-low-voltage ye-transformer babalwa ngokwexesha eliqokelelweyo lonikezelo lwamandla ombane odibeneyo.

2. Ukubalwa kombane wokulahleka kobhedu: xa izinga lomthwalo lingama-40% nangaphantsi, lihlawuliswa njenge-2% yenyanga yokusetyenziswa kombane (ngokusekelwe ekufundeni kombane wamandla ombane). Ifomula yokubala yile: ilahleko yombane wobhedu (kWh) = ukusetyenziswa kombane ngenyanga Imali (kWh) × 2%

Ngenxa yokuba ukulahleka kobhedu kuhambelana nomthwalo wangoku (umbane), xa umyinge wenyanga womthwalo we-transformer wokusabalalisa udlula i-40%, umbane wokulahlekelwa kobhedu kufuneka uhlawulwe kwi-3% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngenyanga. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngenyanga xa isantya somthwalo singama-40% sinokujongwa kwitafile eqhotyoshelweyo. Ifomula yokubala izinga lomthwalo yile: izinga lomthwalo = ikopi amandla/S. T. Cos ￠

Kwifomula: S - umthamo olinganisiweyo we-transformer yokusabalalisa (kVA); T - ixesha lekhalenda yenyanga yonke, thatha iiyure ezingama-720; I-COS￠ - into yamandla, thatha i-0.80.

Ilahleko eguquguqukayo ye-transformer yamandla inokwahlulwa ibe yilahleko yethusi kunye nokulahleka kwentsimbi. Ilahleko yobhedu ngokuqhelekileyo yi-0.5%. Ilahleko yentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo yi-5 ~ 7%. Ilahleko yokutshintsha kohlobo olomileyo lwe-transformer incinci kunohlobo lokuhlasela kweoyile. Ilahleko iyonke: 0.5 + 6 = 6.5 Indlela yokubala: 1000KVA× 6.5% = 65KVA

65KVA × 24 iiyure × 365 iintsuku = 569400KWT (izidanga)

I-nameplate kwi-transformer inedatha ethile.

Transformer akukho-mthwalo ilahleko

Ilahleko yomthwalo ongekhoyo ibhekisa kumandla afunxwa yi-transformer xa icala lesibini le-transformer livula isiphaluka kunye ne-sine wave voltage yecala eliphambili lilingana nombane olinganisiweyo. Ngokubanzi, kuphela i-frequency elinganisiweyo kunye ne-voltage elinganisiweyo enikwa ingqalelo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha i-voltage yokucofa kunye ne-voltage waveform, ukuchaneka kwenkqubo yokulinganisa, izixhobo zovavanyo kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo azihoywa. Ixabiso elibaliweyo, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo, ixabiso elilinganisiweyo, kunye nexabiso eliqinisekisiweyo lelahleko liyabhideka kwakhona.

Ukuba i-voltage yongezwa kwicala eliphambili kwaye kukho itephu, ukuba i-transformer isoloko ilawula umbane we-magnetic flux, i-voltage esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ibe yi-voltage yempompo yendawo yempompo ehambelana nokunikezelwa kwamandla. Kwimeko yolawulo lwamandla ombane oguquguqukayo oguquguqukayo, ngenxa yokuba ilahleko yokungabikho komthwalo yahlukile kwindawo nganye yempompo, indawo echanekileyo yempompo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokweemfuno zobugcisa, kwaye umbane olinganiselweyo kufuneka usetyenziswe, kuba ngexesha lokuguquguquka kwemagnethi. Ulawulo lwamandla ombane, Icala eliphambili lihlala lisebenza i-voltage kwindawo nganye yempompo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukuba i-waveform yombane osetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ibe malunga ne-sinusoidal. Ngoko ke, omnye kukusebenzisa i-harmonic analyzer ukulinganisa amacandelo e-harmonic aqulethwe kwi-voltage waveform, kwaye enye kukusebenzisa indlela elula yokulinganisa i-voltage nge-voltmeter ye-avareji, kodwa isikali yi-voltmeter yexabiso elisebenzayo, kwaye uyithelekise. ngexabiso elisebenzayo lokufunda i-voltmeter, xa umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini umkhulu kune-3%, oko kuthetha ukuba i-wave wave wave ayisiyiyo i-sine wave, kwaye ilahleko elinganiselweyo yokungabikho komthwalo kufuneka ingasebenzi ngokweemfuno zomgangatho omtsha.

Kwinkqubo yokulinganisa, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha umgca wokuvavanya ofanelekileyo, khetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuvavanya kunye nezixhobo. Ngenxa yophuhliso lwezixhobo ezinombane, amanzi alahlekileyo ngekhilogram ancitshiswe kakhulu. Abavelisi basebenzisa amacwecwe ensimbi ye-silicon ekumgangatho ophezulu wokungena okuziinkozo okanye kwaneealloyi ze-amorphous njengezinto ezinokungena ngamandla. Akukho mingxunya kwi-seam kunye ne-slope epheleleyo, kwaye iteknoloji yokungafaki ijoka yentsimbi iyamkelwa kwinkqubo. Abavelisi baphuhlisa i-low-loss transformers, ingakumbi ilahleko engekhoyo iyancipha kakhulu. Ngoko ke, iimfuno ezintsha zibekwe kwinkqubo yokulinganisa. Umthamo uhlala ufana, kwaye ukuncipha kwelahleko yokungabikho komthwalo kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane we-transformer ayancipha xa kungekho mthwalo. Into encinci yamandla idinga ukuba umenzi atshintshe kwaye aguqule inkqubo yokulinganisa. Kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa indlela ye-wattmeter emithathu yokulinganisa, khetha i-transformer yeklasi ye-0.05-0.1, kwaye ukhethe i-wattmeter ene-low power factor. Kuphela ngale ndlela kuya kuqinisekiswa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. Xa umbane we-0.01, umehluko wesigaba se-transformer uya kubangela impazamo yamandla ye-2.9% xa umehluko wesigaba ngumzuzu we-1. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wangoku kunye nomlinganiselo we-voltage ye-transformer yangoku kunye ne-voltage transformer ngexesha lokulinganisa kwangempela. Xa i-current yangoku incinci kakhulu kuneyo yangoku edibeneyo kwi-transformer yangoku, umehluko omkhulu wesigaba kunye nephutha langoku le-transformer yangoku, oku kuya kukhokelela kwiphutha elikhulu kwiziphumo zangempela zokulinganisa. Ngoko ke, i-current etsalwa yi-transformer kufuneka isondele kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-transformer yangoku. yangoku.

Ukongezelela, ekuyilweni, ngokwemigaqo emiselweyo, ukulahlekelwa komthwalo ongekhoyo kubalwa ngokubhekiselele kwiyunithi yokulahlekelwa kweyunithi kunye nenkqubo ye-coefficient ye-silicon ekhethiweyo yentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yixabiso elibaliweyo. Eli xabiso kufuneka lithelekiswe nexabiso eliqhelekileyo elichazwe kumgangatho okanye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo elichazwe kwikhontrakthi. Ixabiso elibaliweyo kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo, kwaye akukho ndawo yokubala, ngokukodwa kwi-batch-produced transformers. Ukongezelela, ixabiso elibaliweyo lisebenza kuphela kumyili okanye isebe loyilo, kwaye alinaso isiphumo somthetho. Ixabiso elibaliweyo alinakusetyenziselwa ukugweba inqanaba lelahleko yemveliso. Ixabiso elisemgangathweni elichazwe kumgangatho okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo elichazwe kwikhontrakthi lisebenza ngokusemthethweni. Iimveliso ezigqithisa ixabiso eliqhelekileyo kunye nokutenxa okuvumelekileyo, okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo (ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo lilingana nexabiso eliqhelekileyo kunye nokutenxa okuvumelekileyo) ziimveliso ezingafanelekanga. Ukuba kukho inkqubo yokuvavanya ilahleko, ngokuqhelekileyo iya kuchazwa kwikhontrakthi, ngakumbi kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuba ixabiso lelahleko lidlula ixabiso elichaziweyo, intlawulo iya kufakwa, kwaye isohlwayo sokungabikho komthwalo siphezulu. Kumaxabiso okuvavanya ilahleko kumazwe aseYurophu, nceda ubhekisele kwinqaku le-11 lephephancwadi elithi "Transformer" ngo-1994. Amawaka eedola kwiintlawulo nge-kilowatt. Esi sisiphumo somthetho kwaye sinxulumene ngqo neenzuzo zoqoqosho.

Ingcamango yexabiso elilinganisiweyo kufuneka iqondwe ngokuchanekileyo, mhlawumbi ukufundwa kwemitha yokulinganisa (okanye ukufundwa kwesiguquli samandla) okanye ixabiso elilinganisiweyo kufuneka liguqulelwe kwimeko elinganisiweyo, kwaye kufuneka kubekho ukuchaneka okwaneleyo. Ngexabiso elilinganisiweyo lelahleko yokungabikho komthwalo, ubukhulu becala kukuba i-voltage waveform yobonelelo lwamandla kufuneka ibe yi-sine wave, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwe-avareji ye-voltmeter yokufunda kunye nexabiso elisebenzayo lokufunda lombane lingaphantsi kwe-3%.

Ukubalwa kokulahlekelwa ngumthwalo, ilahleko yomthwalo kunye nevolthi ye-impedance

Akukho mthwalo wokulahleka: Xa i-winding yesibini ye-transformer ivuliwe kwaye i-primary winding isetyenziswa kunye ne-rerated frequency sinusoidal waveform rated voltage, amandla asebenzayo asetyenzisiweyo abizwa ngokuba yi-no-load loss. I-algorithm imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: akukho mthwalo wokulahlekelwa = akukho mthwalo wenkqubo yokulahlekelwa ngumlinganiso womlinganiso × ukulahlekelwa kweyunithi × ingundoqo

Ukulahleka komthwalo: Xa i-second winding ye-transformer i-short-circuited (imeko ezinzileyo), amandla asebenzayo asetyenzisiweyo xa i-primary winding ihamba nge-current rated kuthiwa yi-load loss.

I-algorithm yile ilandelayo: ukulahleka komthwalo = ukulahlekelwa kokuchasana kweyona bini inkulu ye-windings + ilahleko eyongezelelweyo

Ilahleko eyongezelelweyo = ukujija ilahleko ye-eddy yangoku + ukulahleka kokujikeleza kocingo oluhambelanayo + ilahleko elahlekileyo + ilahleko yokukhokela

I-voltage ye-Impedance: Xa i-winding yesibini ye-transformer i-short-circuited (imeko ezinzileyo), i-voltage esetyenziswa ngumbane olinganisiweyo ohamba ngokujikeleza okuphambili kuthiwa yi-impedance voltage Uz. I-Uz idla ngokuchazwa njengepesenti yombane olinganisiweyo, oko kukuthi, uz=(Uz/U1n)*100%

Ukujika okunokwenzeka: u=4.44*f*B*E,V

Phakathi kwazo: Ubuninzi be-B-magnetic kumbindi wentsimbi, i-TAt-indawo esebenzayo enqamlezileyo yentsimbi, i-square meter

Ingatshintshwa ibe yifomula esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kubalo loyilo lwesiguquli:

Xa f=50Hz: u=B*At/450*10^5, V

Xa f=60Hz: u=B*At/375*10^5, V

Ukuba sele uyazi i-voltages yesigaba kunye nenani lokujika, ukujika okunokwenzeka kubalwa ngokwahlula i-voltage yesigaba ngenani lokujika.

Ukulahlekelwa komthwalo ongekho mthwalo kubandakanya i-hysteresis kunye ne-eddy yangoku ilahleko kwintsimbi yentsimbi kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-no-load current kwi-coil resistance resistance. Eyangaphambili ibizwa ngokuba yilahleko yentsimbi kwaye le yokugqibela ibizwa ngokuba yilahleko yobhedu. Ekubeni i-no-load current incinci kakhulu, le yokugqibela inokungahoywa, ngoko ke ilahleko yokungabikho komthwalo ngokusisiseko ilahleko yentsimbi.

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukulahlekelwa komthwalo kunye nokulahlekelwa kwentsimbi ye-transformer, echazwe kwiifomyula zemathematika. Kwifomula, i-Pn kunye ne-Pw-zimele ilahleko ye-hysteresis kunye nelahleko ye-eddy yangoku kn, kw-ihlala

f - i-frequency Hertz ye-voltage esetyenzisiweyo ye-transformer

Bm——Obona buninzi bobuninzi bemagnethi obuguquguqukayo i-Wei/m2 kumbindi wentsimbi

n——Steinmetz rhoqo. Ngamashiti entsimbi yesilicon esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, xa Bm=(1.0～1.6) Wei/m2, n≈2. Kumaphepha entsimbi ye-silicon esetyenziswayo ngoku, thatha i-2.5～3. 5.

Ngokohlalutyo lwethiyori ye-transformer, kucingwa ukuba i-primary induced potential yi-E1 (volts), ngoko: E1=KfBm (2)

I-K yi-proportional constant, egqitywe linani lokujika okuphambili kunye nommandla we-cross-sectional we-iron core, ngoko ke ilahleko yentsimbi yile:

Kuba ukuhla kwamandla ombane okuvuza okuphambili kuncinci kakhulu, ukuba akuhoywa,

E1=U1(4)

Ingabonwa ukuba ilahleko yentsimbi engenamthwalo we-transformer inobudlelwane obukhulu kunye nombane osetyenzisiweyo. Ukuba i-voltage ye-V inexabiso elithile, ukulahlekelwa kwentsimbi yokungabikho komthwalo we-transformer akuyi kutshintsha (kuba i-f ayitshintshi), kwaye ngenxa yokuba u-U1 = U1N ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo, ngoko ke i-No-load loss ikwabizwa ngokuba yilahleko eqhubekayo. Ukuba i-voltage iyaguquguquka, ilahleko yokungabikho komthwalo iyahluka. Ilahleko yentsimbi ye-transformer ihambelana neyona nto ingundoqo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa, kwaye ayinanto yokwenza nomthwalo.

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