Uhlalutyo loKhuseleko lweTransformer kuKhuseleko lweRelay

1. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwee-transformers

Iimpazamo zeTransformer zinokuhlulwa zibe ziimpazamo zangaphakathi kunye neempazamo zangaphandle.

Iziphoso zangaphakathi zibhekiselele kwiimpazamo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwimeko, kubandakanywa iimpazamo zesigaba ukuya kwisigaba esifutshane se-windings, i-inter-turn-short-circuit ye-winding phase, i-short-circuit phakathi kwe-winding kunye ne-iron cores, kunye nokuqhawula. iimpazamo ze-windings.

Iimpazamo zangaphandle zibhekiselele kwiimpazamo ezahlukeneyo zesigaba ukuya kwisigaba esifutshane phakathi kweengcingo ezikhokelayo zangaphandle ze-transformer, kunye neziphene zomhlaba wesigaba esisodwa ezenzekayo xa i-insulating bushing yeengcingo ezihamba phambili zikhanya kwibhokisi yebhokisi.

Ukungaphumeleli kwe-transformer kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa xa kwenzeka iphutha langaphakathi, i-arc yokushisa ephezulu eyenziwa yi-short-circuit current ayiyi kutshisa kuphela i-insulation kunye ne-iron core ye-transformer winding, kodwa ibangela ukuba i-oyile ye-transformer idibanise kwaye ivelise inani elikhulu legesi. kubangela ukuguqulwa okanye ukuqhuma kweqokobhe le-transformer. Ngoko ke, kufuneka inqunyulwe xa i-transformer ihluleka.

Iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ze-transformer ikakhulu zibandakanya ukulayisha ngaphezulu, inqanaba le-oyile esezantsi, i-overcurrent ebangelwa yisekethe emfutshane yangaphandle, ubushushu obuphezulu be-oyile ye-transformer isebenza, ubushushu obuphezulu bokujikeleza, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-transformer, kunye nokusilela kwenkqubo yokupholisa. Xa i-transformer ikwimeko yokusebenza engaqhelekanga, i-alarm signal kufuneka inikwe.

2. Ukucwangciswa kokhuseleko lwe-transformer

Ukukhuselwa okuphambili kwiimpazamo ezimfutshane: ngokukodwa ukukhuselwa kokwahlukana kwe-longitudinal, ukukhuselwa kwegesi enzima, njl.

Ukukhuselwa kwe-backup kwiimpazamo ze-short-circuit: ubukhulu becala i-voltage edibeneyo yokuthintela ukhuseleko lwangoku, ulandelelwano lwe-zero (isalathiso) ukhuseleko lwangoku, ukhuseleko oluphantsi, njl.

Ukukhuselwa kokusebenza okungaqhelekanga: ikakhulu kubandakanya ukukhuselwa komthwalo ogqithisileyo, ukukhuselwa okugqithisiweyo, ukukhuselwa kwegesi ukukhanya, ukukhuselwa kwesithuba sokungathathi hlangothi, izinga le-oyile yobushushu kunye nokukhuselwa kokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokupholisa, njl.

3. Ukhuseleko olungelulo umbane

Ukukhuselwa kwe-transformer usebenzisa ubuninzi obungewona umbane njengeoli, igesi, kunye nobushushu be-transformer kuthiwa ukhuseleko olungenalo umbane. Ikakhulu ibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwegesi, ukukhuselwa koxinzelelo, ukukhuselwa kweqondo lokushisa, ukukhuselwa kwinqanaba le-oyile kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-cooler full stop. Ukukhuselwa okungekho mbane kusebenza ekukhubekeni okanye ekuthumeleni ileta ngokweemfuno zesiza.

(1) Ukukhuselwa kwegesi

Xa iphoso lenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-transformer, ngenxa yesenzo se-short-circuit current kunye ne-arc kwi-short-circuit point, i-gas enkulu iya kuveliswa ngaphakathi kwe-transformer, kwaye isantya sokuhamba kweoli ye-transformer siya kukhawuleziswa. Ukukhuselwa okwenziwa ngokusebenzisa igesi kunye nokuhamba kweoli kuthiwa kukukhusela igesi.

Ukukhuselwa kwegesi yokukhanya: Xa impazamo encinci okanye into engaqhelekanga iyenzeka ngaphakathi kwi-transformer, i-fault point igqithiswe ngokugqithisiweyo, ibangela ukuba inxalenye yeoli yandise, igesi kwioli yenza iibhubhu kwaye ingene kwi-relay yegesi, kwaye ukhuseleko lwegesi olukhanyayo lusebenza thumela umqondiso wegesi okhanyayo.

Ukukhuselwa kwegesi enzima: Xa iphoso elibi lenzeka kwi-tank yeoli ye-transformer, i-fault current inkulu, kwaye i-arc ibangela ukuba i-oyile enkulu ye-transformer idibanise, ivelise inani elikhulu legesi kunye neoli. I-Baffle yempembelelo yenza isenzo sokukhusela i-relay yegesi enzima, ithumela umqondiso wegesi enzima kwaye ihambe kwindawo yokuphuma. Susa i-transformer.

Ukukhuselwa kwegesi enzima kukukhusela okuphambili kwiimpazamo zangaphakathi zetanki yeoli, kwaye inokubonakalisa iimpazamo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwe-transformer. Xa inani elincinci lee-inter-turn short circuits zenzeke kwi-transformer, nangona i-fault current inkulu, i-different current eveliswa ekukhuselweni okungafaniyo ayinakuba mkhulu, kwaye ukukhuselwa kokwahlukana kunokwenqaba ukusebenza. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yephutha langaphakathi le-transformer, kuyimfuneko ukuthembela ekukhuselweni kwegesi enzima ukususa impazamo.

(2) Ukukhuselwa kwengcinezelo

Ukukhuselwa kwengcinezelo kwakhona kukukhusela okuphambili kwiimpazamo zangaphakathi kwitanki ye-transformer. Iqulethe ukukhululeka koxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lokhuseleko lokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, olusetyenziselwa ukuphendula uxinzelelo lweoli ye-transformer.

(3) Ukukhuselwa kweqondo lokushisa kunye neoli

Xa ubushushu be-transformer bukhuphuka kwixabiso lesilumkiso, ukukhuselwa kweqondo lokushisa kuya kuthumela isignali ye-alamu, kwaye uqale i-cooler yokulinda.

Xa i-oyile ye-transformer ivuza okanye i-oyile yehla ngenxa yezinye izizathu, ukhuseleko lwezinga leoli luya kwenza kwaye luthumele isignali ye-alamu.

(4) Ukhuseleko olupholileyo lokumisa

Xa i-cooler ye-transformer isebenza ngokupheleleyo, ukushisa kwe-transformer kuya kunyuka. Ukuba ayiphathwanga ngexesha, inokubangela umonakalo kwi-insulation of the winding of transformer. Ngoko ke, xa i-cooler imisiwe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-transformer, ukukhuselwa kuya kuthumela isignali ye-alamu kwaye kunqunyulwe i-transformer emva kokulibaziseka kwexesha elide.

4. Ukhuseleko olwahlukileyo

Ukukhuselwa kokwahlukana kweTransformer kukukhusela okuphambili kobuninzi bombane we-transformer, kwaye uluhlu lwayo lokukhusela luyingxenye ejikelezwe ngabaguquli bangoku kwicala ngalinye. Xa iziphene ezifana ne-phase-to-phase-short-circuit kunye ne-inter-turn short-circuit ye-winding zenzeka phakathi kolu luhlu, ukhuseleko lokwahlukana kufuneka lusebenze.

Ngokuphathelele umgaqo wokukhusela ukuguqulwa kwenguqu, siye saxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ngaphambili, abahlobo abayidingayo banokuphonononga umxholo ofanelekileyo kwiirekhodi zembali 6, 7, kunye ne-8. Andiyi kungena kwiinkcukacha malunga nale nto, kwaye apha ndiya kongeza ngokulula. ezinye iikhonsepthi malunga nemincili inrush yangoku.

(1) I-excitation inrush current ye-transformer

I-excitation current eyenziwa xa i-transformer iwiswe emoyeni ibizwa ngokuba yi-excitation inrush current. Ubukhulu be-inrush current buhambelana nesakhiwo se-transformer, i-angle yokuvala, umthamo, i-magnetism eseleyo ngaphambi kokuvalwa kunye nezinye izinto. Umlinganiselo ubonisa ukuba xa i-transformer yehla emoyeni, i-excitation inrush current ngenxa yokuzaliswa kwe-iron core inkulu kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo i-2 ukuya ku-6 amaxesha akhoyo ngoku, kwaye ubuninzi bunokuba ngaphezu kwamaxesha e-8. Ekubeni i-excitation inrush current igeleza kuphela kwi-transformer kwicala lokutshaja, i-current differential current iya kuveliswa kwi-different circuit, okubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokhuselo lokwahlukana.

I-excitation inrush current inezi mpawu zilandelayo: a. Ixabiso le-inrush current likhulu kakhulu kwaye liqulethe izinto ezicacileyo ezingabonakaliyo; b. I-waveform ibonakaliswe kwaye iphakathi; c. Iqulethe izinto ezicacileyo eziphezulu ze-harmonic, ngokukodwa icandelo lesibini le-harmonic. Ngokucacileyo; d, i-excitation inrush yangoku ithotyiwe.

Ngokwezi mpawu zingasentla inrush yangoku, ukuze kuthintelwe maloperation lokhuselo ukwahluka transformer okubangelwa inrush yangoku, imigaqo emithathu isetyenziswa kule projekthi: umxholo ophezulu wesibini harmonic, iasymmetric waveform, kwaye enkulu waveform discontinuity angle ukuqonda. uthintelo lokhuseleko olwahlukileyo.

(2) Umgaqo wesibini we-harmonic braking

Undoqo wesibini se-harmonic braking kukusebenzisa icandelo lesibini le-harmonic kwi-different current ukugweba ukuba i-different current yintlupheko yangoku okanye i-inrush current. Xa ipesenti yecandelo lesibini le-harmonic kunye necandelo le-wave wave likhulu kunexabiso elithile (ngokuqhelekileyo i-20%), kugwetywa ukuba i-different current ibangelwa yi-excitation inrush current, kwaye ukukhuselwa kokwahlukana kuvaliwe.

Ke ngoko, umlinganiselo omkhulu wesibini we-harmonic braking, kokukhona umbane wesibini we-harmonic oqulethwe kumaza osisiseko uvumelekile, kwaye isiphumo sokuqhawuka siya kuba sibi.

(3) Ukwahluka kokhuseleko olukhawulezayo lwekhefu

Xa iphoso elibi lenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-transformer kwaye i-CT ihluthekile ngenxa yephutha elikhulu langoku, i-second current ye-CT iqulethe inani elikhulu lamacandelo e-harmonic. Ngokwale nkcazo ingentla, oku kunokubangela ukukhuselwa okungafaniyo ngenxa ye-harmonic braking yesibini. Vimba okanye ulibazise isenzo. Oku kuya kulimaza kakhulu i-transformer. Ukuze ucombulule le ngxaki, ukhuseleko olukhawulezayo lokwahlukana luhlala lusetwa.

Umahluko okhawulezayo wokuqhawuka ngokukhawuleza uyinto enexabiso eliphezulu lokwahluka kokhuseleko lolwahlulo lwelongitudinal. Ihluke kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ezihlukeneyo, ibonisa ixabiso elisebenzayo lokwahlula ngoku. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-waveform ye-wave yantlukwano yangoku kunye nobukhulu becandelo le-harmonic, nje ukuba ixabiso elisebenzayo lokwahlulahlula ngoku lidlula ixabiso lokumisela ukuhlukana ngokukhawuleza kwekhefu (ngokuqhelekileyo liphezulu kunexabiso lokumisela ukhuseleko lokwahlula), iya kuthi. ngokukhawuleza yenza isenzo sokunqumla i-transformer ngaphandle kokuvuselela. Ukuvinjwa kweekhrayitheriya ezifana ne-inrush current.

Oku kulandelayo kwazisa ukhuseleko lokugcina lwe-transformer

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoqwalaselo lokhuselo lokhuseleko lweziguquli. Lo mbandela wazisa ubukhulu becala iindidi ezimbini zokhuselo lokhuseleko: ombane onzima wokuthintela ukukhuselwa kwe-overcurrent kunye nokukhuselwa komhlaba kwiziguquli.

1. Ukukhuselwa ngokungaphaya koxinzelelo olunzima lokuvala ngaphandle

I-voltage eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthintela ukukhuselwa kwe-overcurrent kukukhusela okugciniweyo kwi-transformer enkulu kunye ne-medium-sized phase-to-phase short-circuit iimpazamo. Ifanelekile kwi-transformers ye-step-up, i-transformers ye-system-contacts kunye ne-step-down transformers ekukhuseleka kwayo ngokugqithisileyo ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zovakalelo. Umbane odityanisiweyo owenziwe ngamandla ombane olandelelanayo ongalunganga kunye namandla ombane aphantsi angabonisa iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi koluhlu lokhuseleko, olunciphisa ixabiso lokumisela lokhuseleko olugqithisiweyo kunye nokuphucula ubuntununtunu.

Ukhuselo lwe-voltage ehlanganisiweyo yamandla ombane agqithileyo luquka into edityanisiweyo yamandla ombane, into engaphaya kwamandla kunye nexesha. Igalelo langoku lokukhuselwa linqanaba lesithathu lesibini langoku le-CT kwicala le-transformer, kwaye i-voltage yegalelo yi-voltage yesigaba sesithathu se-PT kwicala le-transformer okanye kwamanye amacala. Ukukhusela i-microcomputer, i-voltage yeli cala inokunikezelwa kwamanye amacala ngokusebenzisa isofthiwe, ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukukhuselwa okugqithisiweyo kwanoma yiphina icala kusenokusetyenziswa xa i-PT kunoma yiphina icala ihlaziywa. Ingqiqo yesenzo iboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.

2. Ukukhuselwa komhlaba we-transformer

Ukukhuselwa kwe-backup yokumisa iimpazamo zesekethe ezimfutshane ze-transformer ezinkulu naphakathi zihlala zibandakanya: ukukhuselwa kwe-zero-sequence overcurrent, zero-sequence overvoltage protection, ukukhusela i-gap, njl. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo emfutshane esekelwe kwiindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokumisa indawo engathathi hlangothi.

(1) Inqaku elingathathi hlangothi lisekelwe ngokuthe ngqo

Kwi-transformers ene-voltage ye-110kV nangaphezulu apho indawo yokungathathi hlangothi isekelwe ngokuthe ngqo, ukhuseleko lwangoku olulandelelanayo lwe-zero olusabela kwiimpazamo zomhlaba kufuneka lufakwe kwicala lenkqubo yokumisa yangoku enkulu. Kwi-transformers esekelwe ngokuthe ngqo kumacala omabini aphezulu kunye naphakathi, ukhuseleko lwangoku olulandelelanayo lwe-zero kufuneka lube nesalathiso, kwaye isalathiso kufuneka sibhekiselele kwiibhasi zebhasi kwicala ngalinye.

Umgaqo wokukhuselwa ngoku ulandelelwano lwe-zero lufana nolokukhusela umgca we-zero-ulandelelwano, nceda ubhekisele kwi-Issue 30. I-zero-sequence current ingathathwa kwi-second current ye-neutral point CT, okanye inokuzivelisa. ngomjelo wenqanaba lesithathu lesibini le-CT kwicala lendawo. I-voltage ye-zero-sequence exhunywe kwi-directional element inokuthatyathwa kwi-voltage engunxantathu evulekileyo ye-PT kwicala lendawo, okanye inokuthi izenzele ngokwazo yi-voltage yesigaba sesithathu sesibini kwicala lendawo. Kwisixhobo sokukhusela i-microcomputer, indlela yokuvelisa ngokwayo yamkelwa ikakhulu.

Kwiziguquli ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ezintathu, ukhuseleko lwangoku lwe-zero-sequence-sequence lwangoku lunokusetyenziswa. Phakathi kwazo, iCandelo I kunye neCandelo II linezalathiso, kwaye iCandelo le-III alinazo izikhombisi-ndlela. Kukho amanqanaba amabini okulibaziseka ngokubanzi kwicandelo ngalinye, kwaye uluhlu lwempazamo luncitshiswe ngokulibaziseka okufutshane (ukutsiba i-coupler yebhasi okanye utshintshe kwicala eliphambili lebar), kwaye i-transformer inqunyulwe ngokulibaziseka okude (ukutsiba). umtshini onamacala amathathu). Ukucwangciswa kokhuseleko oluthile kunqunywe ngokweyona meko.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo, emva kokuba icandelo le-I okanye le-II le-zero-sequence directional current protection current lisebenza, xhuma kuqala i-coupler yebhasi okanye iswitshi kweli cala emva kokulibaziseka okufutshane t1 okanye t3 ukunciphisa ububanzi bempazamo. Ukuba impazamo isekhona, emva kwexesha elide Libazisa i-t2 okanye i-t4 tsiba isitshixo esinamacala amathathu ukusika isiguquli. Icandelo le-III alikho isalathiso, kwaye i-transformer inqunyulwa ngokuthe ngqo emva kokulibaziseka.

(2) Inqaku elingathathi hlangothi alisekelwanga

I-zero-sequence current idlula kwindawo engathathi hlangothi ye-transformer ukwenza i-zero-sequence circuit. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iindawo ezingathathi hlangothi zazo zonke i-transformers zisekelwe, i-short-circuit current kwindawo yokumisa iya kukhutshwa kwi-transformer nganye, eya kunciphisa uvakalelo lwe-zero-sequence overcurrent protection. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukunciphisa i-zero-sequence current ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile, kukho imimiselo kwinani labaguquli abasebenzayo kunye nenqaku elingathathi hlangothi.

Kubaguquli abasebenza ngaphandle kokubeka phantsi komhlaba, ukukhuselwa kombane olandelelanayo kufuneka kulungiselelwe ukuthintela umonakalo ogqithisiweyo we-transformer obangelwa yi-gap arcs kwiindawo eziphosakeleyo ngexesha leempazamo zomhlaba.

Ngenxa yomgangatho ophezulu wokugquma wenqanaba elingathathi hlangothi le-transformer ekhuselwe ngokupheleleyo, xa impazamo yomhlaba isenzeka kwinkqubo, ukhuseleko lwangoku olulandelelanayo lwe-zero luya kuqala ukunqumla i-transformer kunye nenqaku elingathathi hlangothi, kwaye ukuba impazamo isekhona, kuya kubakho ukukhuselwa kombane wokulandelelana kwe-zero ukunqumla indawo engathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kokumisa i-transformer.

(3) Inqaku elingathathi hlangothi lisekelwe kwi-gap yokukhupha

I-Ultra-high voltage transformers zonke zi-semi-insulated transformers, kwaye ukugquma kwekhoyili yendawo engathathi hlangothi emhlabeni kubuthathaka kunezinye iindawo. I-insulation point engathathi hlangothi ithanda ukuqhekeka. Ngoko ke, ukhuseleko lomsantsa kufuneka luqwalaselwe.

Umsebenzi wokukhusela i-gap kukukhusela ukhuseleko lwe-insulation point of neutral point ungrounded transformer.

Faka i-gap yokuphuka phakathi kwendawo engathathi hlangothi ye-transformer kunye nomhlaba njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo. Xa i-switching yokuhlukanisa i-grounding ivaliwe, i-transformer isekelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwaye i-zero-sequence-sequence overcurrent protection isetyenziswa. Xa iswitshi yokuzimela yodwa inqanyuliwe, i-transformer isekelwe kwi-gap kwaye ifakwe ekukhuselweni kwe-gap.

Ukukhuselwa kwe-Gap kufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa i-gap yangoku ye-3I0 ehamba kwindawo engathathi hlangothi ye-transformer kunye nebhasi ye-PT yokuvula unxantathu we-3U0 njengemilinganiselo.

Ukuba indawo engathathi hlangothi iphakanyisiwe ngenxa yesiphoso, i-gap iyancipha kwaye i-gap enkulu yangoku i-3I0 yenziwe. Ngeli xesha, ukukhuselwa kwe-gap kusebenza kwaye i-transformer iyanqunyulwa emva kokulibaziseka. Ukongezelela, xa i-grounding iphosakele kwinkqubo, ukukhuselwa kwe-zero-sequence ye-neutral point grounding transformer isebenza, kwaye i-neutral point grounding transformer iyanqunyulwa kuqala. Emva kokuba inkqubo ilahlekelwe yindawo yokumisa, ukuba iphoso lisekhona, i-voltage engunxantathu evulekileyo ye-3U0 yebhasi ye-PT iya kuba nkulu kakhulu, kwaye ukukhuselwa kwe-gap kuya kusebenza kwakhona ngeli xesha.

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