Ukuhlaziywa kokuvikelwa kwe-Transformer ekuvikelweni kwe-Relay

1. Amaphutha ajwayelekile kanye nokungajwayelekile kwama-transformer

Amaphutha e-Transformer angahlukaniswa abe amaphutha angaphakathi kanye namaphutha angaphandle.

Amaphutha angaphakathi abhekisela emaphutheni enzeke ngaphakathi kwekesi, okuhlanganisa amaphutha esifunda-nesigaba se-short-circuit yama-windings, amaphutha e-inter-turn short-circuit wesigaba esisodwa, amaphutha e-short-circuit phakathi kwama-winding kanye nama-iron cores, kanye nokunqanyulwa. amaphutha ama-windings.

Amaphutha angaphandle abhekisela emaphutheni ahlukahlukene wesigaba nesigaba se-short-circuit phakathi kwezintambo zokuhola zangaphandle ze-transformer, kanye namaphutha aphansi esigaba esisodwa okwenzeka lapho i-insulating bushing yezintambo eziholayo ikhanya ngegobolondo lebhokisi.

Ukwehluleka kwe-Transformer kuyingozi kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi lapho iphutha langaphakathi lenzeka, i-arc yokushisa ephezulu ekhiqizwa i-short-circuit current ngeke nje ishise i-insulation kanye nensimbi yensimbi ye-transformer winding, kodwa futhi ibangele ukuba uwoyela we-transformer ubole futhi ukhiqize inani elikhulu legesi, okubangela ukuguqulwa noma ngisho nokuqhuma kwegobolondo le-transformer. Ngakho-ke, kufanele inqunywe lapho i-transformer ihluleka.

Izimo ezingavamile ze-transformer ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ukugcwala ngokweqile, izinga eliphansi likawoyela, ukudlula ngokweqile okubangelwa isifunda esifushane sangaphandle, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu likawoyela we-transformer lisebenza, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elivunguzayo, ukucindezela okuphezulu kwe-transformer, nokwehluleka kwesistimu yokupholisa. Uma i-transformer isesimweni esingavamile sokusebenza, isignali ye-alamu kufanele inikezwe.

2. Ukucushwa kokuvikelwa kwe-transformer

Isivikelo esiyinhloko samaphutha esekethe emfishane: ikakhulukazi ukuvikela okuhlukile kwe-longitudinal, ukuvikelwa kwegesi esindayo, njll.

Ukuvikelwa kwekhophi yasenqolobaneni yamaphutha esekethe emfishane: ikakhulukazi ukuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi okuyinhlanganisela okuhlanganisiwe, ukuvikela okulandelanayo okuyiziro (inkombandlela) ukuvikela kwamanje, ukuvikelwa kokuvinjwa okuphansi, njll.

Ukuvikelwa kokusebenza okungavamile: ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ukuvikela ukugcwala kakhulu, ukuvikela ukuvuthwa ngokweqile, ukuvikela igesi elincane, ukuvikela igebe lephoyinti elingathathi hlangothi, izinga lokushisa likawoyela kanye nokuvikela ukwehluleka kwesistimu yokupholisa, njll.

3. Ukuvikelwa okungewona ugesi

Ukuvikelwa kwe-Transformer kusetshenziswa amanani angewona kagesi afana nowoyela, igesi, nezinga lokushisa le-transformer kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvikela okungewona ugesi. Ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwegesi, ukuvikela ingcindezi, ukuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukuvikelwa kwezinga likawoyela kanye nokuvikelwa kokuma okupholile okupholile. Ukuvikelwa okungewona ugesi kusebenza ekukhubekeni noma ekuthumeleni incwadi ngokwezidingo zesayithi.

(1) Ukuvikelwa kwegesi

Uma iphutha lenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-transformer, ngenxa yesenzo se-short-circuit current kanye ne-arc endaweni yesifunda esifushane, inani elikhulu legesi lizokhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-transformer, futhi isivinini sokugeleza kwamafutha se-transformer sizosheshisa. Ukuvikelwa okutholakala ngokusebenzisa igesi nokugeleza kukawoyela kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa kwegesi.

Ukuvikelwa kwegesi ekhanyayo: Uma iphutha elincane noma okungavamile kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-transformer, iphuzu lephutha lishiselwa ngokwengxenye, okwenza ingxenye kawoyela inwebeke, igesi kuwoyela yenza amabhamuza futhi ingene endaweni edluliselwe igesi, futhi ukuvikelwa kwegesi ekhanyayo kusebenza thumela isignali yegesi elula.

Ukuvikelwa kwegesi esindayo: Uma iphutha elibi kakhulu lenzeka ethangini likawoyela we-transformer, iphutha lamanje likhulu, futhi i-arc ibangela inani elikhulu lamafutha e-transformer ukubola, okukhiqiza inani elikhulu lokugeleza kwegesi namafutha. I-baffle yomthelela yenza isenzo sokuvikela i-relay yegesi esindayo, ithumele isignali yegesi esindayo futhi igibele indawo yokuphuma. Susa i-transformer.

Ukuvikelwa kwegesi esindayo kuyisivikelo esiyinhloko samaphutha angaphakathi ethangi likawoyela, futhi kungabonisa amaphutha ahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-transformer. Lapho inani elincane le-inter-turn short circuits lenzeka ku-transformer, nakuba iphutha lamanje likhulu, ukuhlukana kwamanje okukhiqizwa ekuvikelweni okuhlukile kungase kungabi kukhulu, futhi ukuvikelwa okuhlukile kungase kwenqabe ukusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yephutha langaphakathi le-transformer, kuyadingeka ukuthembela ekuvikelweni kwegesi esindayo ukuze ususe iphutha.

(2) Ukuvikelwa kwengcindezi

Ukuvikelwa kwengcindezi nakho kuyisivikelo esiyinhloko emaphutheni angaphakathi ethangini le-transformer. Iqukethe ukukhululeka kwengcindezi kanye nokuvikelwa kokushintsha okungazelelwe kwengcindezi, okusetshenziselwa ukuphendula ingcindezi kawoyela we-transformer.

(3) Ukuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nezinga likawoyela

Lapho izinga lokushisa le-transformer likhuphukela kunani eliyisixwayiso, ukuvikelwa kwezinga lokushisa kuzothumela isignali ye-alamu, futhi kuqale isipholile esilindile.

Lapho uwoyela we-transformer uvuza noma izinga likawoyela lehla ngenxa yezinye izizathu, ukuvikelwa kwezinga likawoyela kuzosebenza futhi kuthumele isignali ye-alamu.

(4) Isivikelo esipholile esigcwele isitobhi

Lapho i-cooler ye-transformer isebenza ngokuphelele, izinga lokushisa le-transformer lizokhuphuka. Uma ingasingathwanga ngesikhathi, ingabangela ukulimala kokufakwa kwe-transformer winding. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-cooler imisiwe ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-transformer, isivikelo sizothumela isignali ye-alamu futhi sinqume i-transformer ngemva kokulibaziseka isikhathi eside.

4. Ukuvikelwa okuhlukile

Ukuvikelwa kokuhluka kwe-Transformer kuyisivikelo esiyinhloko somthamo kagesi we-transformer, futhi ububanzi bayo bokuvikela yingxenye ezungezwe ama-transformers amanje ohlangothini ngalunye. Uma amaphutha afana nesekhethi yesigaba ukuya kwesinye isigaba kanye ne-inter-turn short-circuit of the mawinding kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwalobu bubanzi, ukuvikela okuhlukile kufanele kusebenze.

Mayelana nomgomo wokuvikela umehluko we-transformer, sixoxile ngokuningiliziwe ngaphambilini, abangani abakudingayo bangabuyekeza okuqukethwe okufanelekile kumarekhodi omlando 6, 7, no-8. Ngeke ngingene emininingwaneni mayelana nalokhu, futhi lapha ngizomane ngengeze eminye imiqondo mayelana ne-excitation inrush current.

(1) I-excitation inrush current ye-transformer

I-excitation current ekhiqizwa lapho i-transformer yehla emoyeni ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation inrush current. Ubukhulu be-inrush current buhlobene nesakhiwo se-transformer, i-angle yokuvala, umthamo, i-magnetism esele ngaphambi kokuvala nezinye izici. Isilinganiso sibonisa ukuthi lapho i-transformer yehla emoyeni, i-excitation inrush current ngenxa yokugcwala kwe-iron core inkulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-6 zamanje ezilinganiselwe, futhi esiphezulu singaba izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-8. Njengoba i-excitation inrush current igeleza kuphela ku-transformer ohlangothini lokushaja, ukuhluka okukhulu kwamandla kuzokwenziwa kumjikelezo ohlukile, okuholela ekungasebenzini kahle kokuvikela okuhlukile.

I-excitation inrush current inezici ezilandelayo: a. Inani le-inrush current likhulu kakhulu futhi liqukethe izingxenye ezisobala ezingezona ezesikhathi; b. I-waveform ikhomba futhi iphakathi; c. Iqukethe izingxenye ezicacile zokuhleleka kwe-harmonic, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yesibili ye-harmonic. Ngokusobala; d, i-excitation current iyancishiswa.

Ngokwezici ezingenhla ze-inrush current, ukuze kuvinjwe ukusebenza kahle kokuvikelwa komehluko we-transformer okubangelwa i-inrush current, izimiso ezintathu zisetshenziswa kuphrojekthi: okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-harmonic yesibili, i-asymmetric waveform, kanye ne-angle enkulu ye-waveform discontinuity angle okumele ibonwe. ukuvinjwa kokuvikela okuhlukile.

(2) Isimiso sesibili se-harmonic braking

Ingqikithi ye-harmonic braking yesibili iwukusebenzisa ingxenye yesibili ye-harmonic kumanje ohlukanisayo ukuze wahlulele ukuthi ingabe ukuhluka kwamanje kuyiphutha lamanje noma i-inrush current ejabulisayo. Uma iphesenti lengxenye yesibili ye-harmonic kanye nengxenye yamagagasi ayisisekelo inkulu kunevelu ethile (imvamisa engu-20%), kwahlulelwa ukuthi umehluko ubangelwa i-excitation inrush current, futhi ukuvikela okuhlukile kuvinjiwe.

Ngakho-ke, lapho isilinganiso sesibili se-harmonic braking sikhudlwana, yilapho i-harmonic current yesibili equkethwe kumagagasi ayisisekelo ivunyelwe, futhi umphumela wokubhuleka uzoba mubi kakhulu.

(3) Ukuvikelwa kwekhefu okusheshayo okuhlukile

Uma iphutha elikhulu lenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-transformer futhi i-CT igcwele ngenxa yephutha elikhulu lamanje, i-current yesibili ye-CT iqukethe nenani elikhulu lezingxenye ze-harmonic. Ngokusho kwencazelo engenhla, lokhu kungenzeka kubangele ukuvikeleka okuhlukile ngenxa ye-harmonic braking yesibili. Vimba noma ubambezele isenzo. Lokhu kuzolimaza kakhulu i-transformer. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, ukuvikeleka kokuhlukana okusheshayo kuvame ukusetha.

Isici esihlukanisayo sokunqamuka okusheshayo empeleni siyisici esihlukile senani eliphezulu sokuvikela okuhlukile kwe-longitudinal. Ihlukile ezicini ezijwayelekile zokuhlukanisa, ibonisa inani elisebenzayo lokuhluka kwamandla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-waveform yamanje ehlukile kanye nobukhulu bengxenye ye-harmonic, inqobo nje uma inani elisebenzayo le-mehluko wamanje lidlula inani lokusetha lekhefu elisheshayo lokuhlukanisa (ngokuvamile liphakeme kunevelu yokusetha yesivikelo esihlukile), ngokushesha thatha isinyathelo ukusika i-transformer ngaphandle kokuvusa. Ukuvinjwa kwemibandela efana ne-inrush current.

Okulandelayo kwethula ukuvikela okuyisipele kwe-transformer

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokucushwa kokuvikela okuyisipele kwama-transformer. Lolu daba lwethula ngokuyinhloko izinhlobo ezimbili zokuvikela ikhophi yasenqolobaneni: ukuvikelwa kwe-voltage eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvimbela ukudlula kwesikhathi kanye nokuvikela phansi kwama-transformer.

1. Ukuvikela okwedlulele kokuvala ngaphandle kwengcindezi eyinkimbinkimbi

I-voltage eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwe-overcurrent isivikelo sokusekelayo samaphutha e-transformer yesigaba-kuya-isigaba esifushane. Ifanele ama-step-up transformers, ama-transformer okuxhumana nesistimu kanye nama-step-down transformer ukuvikelwa kwawo okweqile akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuzwela. Amandla kagesi ayinhlanganisela ahlanganiswe amandla kagesi alandelanayo ne-voltage ephansi angabonisa amaphutha ahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwebanga lokuvikela, elinciphisa inani lokusetha lokuvikela okudlulele futhi lithuthukise ukuzwela.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-voltage ehlanganisiwe ye-overcurrent yakhiwe isici se-voltage esiyinhlanganisela, isici esidlulele kanye nesici sesikhathi. I-current input of the protection yisona sesibili sesigaba sesithathu samanje se-CT ohlangothini lwe-transformer ngokwayo, futhi i-voltage yokufaka i-voltage yesibili yesigaba sesithathu se-PT ohlangothini lwe-transformer noma ezinye izinhlangothi. Ukuze kuvikelwe i-microcomputer, i-voltage yalolu hlangothi inganikezwa kwezinye izinhlangothi ngesofthiwe, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuvikela okudlulele kwanoma yiluphi uhlangothi kusengasetshenziswa uma i-PT kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi ilungiswa kabusha. I-logic yesenzo ikhonjisiwe emfanekisweni ongezansi.

2. Ukuvikela phansi kwe-transformer

Ukuvikelwa kokusekelayo kokusekela amaphutha esekethe emfishane yama-transformer amakhulu namaphakathi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa: ukuvikelwa kokulandelana kweqanda okudlula i-zero, ukuvikelwa kwe-overvoltage elandelanayo eyiziro, ukuvikela igebe, njll. Okulandelayo isingeniso esifushane esisekelwe ezindleleni ezintathu ezihlukene zokusekela iphuzu elingathathi hlangothi.

(1) Iphuzu elingathathi hlangothi lisekelwe ngokuqondile

Kuma-transformer ane-voltage engu-110kV nangaphezulu iphoyinti lawo elingathathi hlangothi lisekelwe ngokuqondile, ukuvikelwa kwamanje okulandelanayo okuyiziro okuphendula amaphutha aphansi kufanele kufakwe ohlangothini lwesistimu yomhlabathi yamanje enkulu. Kuma-transformer asekelwe ngokuqondile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi eziphakeme nezimaphakathi, isivikelo samanje sokulandelana kwe-zero kufanele sibe nesiqondiso, futhi isiqondiso kufanele sikhomba amabha amabhasi ohlangothini ngalunye.

Isimiso sokuvikela samanje sokulandelana kweziro siyefana nesokuvikela umugqa onguziro-sequence, sicela ubhekisele Kudaba 30. Amandla amanje alandelanayo anguziro angathathwa kumanje wesibili wephoyinti elimaphakathi CT, noma lingazikhiqizela lona. ngomsinga wesibili wesigaba sesithathu se-CT ohlangothini lwendawo. I-voltage ye-zero-sequence exhunywe ku-elementi ye-directional ingathathwa ku-voltage engunxantathu ovulekile we-PT ohlangothini lwendawo, noma ingenziwa ngokwayo yi-voltage yesibili yezigaba ezintathu ohlangothini lwendawo. Edivayisini yokuvikela i-microcomputer, indlela ezikhiqizwa yona iyamukelwa ikakhulukazi.

Kuma-transformer amakhulu anamawindi amathathu, ukuvikelwa kwamanje okulandelanayo kwezinyathelo ezintathu kungasetshenziswa. Phakathi kwazo, Isigaba I kanye neSigaba II zinezikhombisi-ndlela, futhi Isigaba III asinazo izikhombisi-ndlela. Ngokuvamile kunamaleveli amabili okulibaziseka esigabeni ngasinye, futhi ububanzi bephutha buncishiswa ngokubambezeleka okufushane (ukweqa i-coupler yebhasi noma iswishi ohlangothini oluyinhloko lwebha), futhi i-transformer inqanyulwa ngokubambezeleka okude (ukweqa. inkinobho enezinhlangothi ezintathu). Ukucushwa okukhethekile kokuvikela kunqunywa ngokuya ngesimo sangempela.

Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni, ngemva kokuthi isigaba se-I noma II sesivikelo samanje senkombandlela elandelanayo enguziro sisebenza, qala ngokugxuma i-coupler yebhasi noma iswishi kulolu hlangothi ngemva kokulibaziseka okufushane t1 noma t3 ukuze unciphise ububanzi bephutha. Uma iphutha lisekhona, ngemva kwesikhathi eside Libazisa i-t2 noma i-t4 yeqa iswishi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ukuze unqamule i-transformer. Isigaba III asinakho isiqondiso, futhi i-transformer inqanyulwa ngokuqondile ngemva kokulibaziseka.

(2) Iphuzu elingathathi hlangothi alisekelwe

I-current-sequence current idlula endaweni engathathi hlangothi ye-transformer ukuze yakhe isekethe elandelanayo eyiziro. Kodwa-ke, uma amaphuzu angathathi hlangothi awo wonke ama-transformer esekelwe phansi, i-short-circuit current endaweni yokubeka phansi izovinjelwa ku-transformer ngayinye, okuzonciphisa ukuzwela kokuvikelwa kwe-overcurrent okulandelanayo kwe-zero. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kukhawulwe amandla amanje okulandelana kukaziro phakathi kwebanga elithile, kunemithetho enanini lama-transformer asebenza ngephoyinti elimaphakathi elisekelwe phansi.

Kuma-transformer asebenza ngaphandle kokubeka phansi, ukuvikelwa kwe-voltage okulandelanayo kwe-zero kufanele kulungiselelwe ukuvimbela ukulimala kwe-overvoltage ku-transformer okubangelwa ama-gap arcs ezindaweni zamaphutha phakathi namaphutha omhlaba.

Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokwahlukanisa lephoyinti elingathathi hlangothi le-transformer evalekile ngokuphelele, lapho kwenzeka iphutha eliphansi ohlelweni, ukuvikela kwamanje okulandelanayo okuyiziro kuzoqale kunqamule i-transformer ngephoyinti eliphakathi nendawo, futhi uma iphutha lisekhona, kuzoba nokuvikelwa kwe-voltage ye-zero-sequence ukusika iphuzu elingathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kokumisa i-transformer.

(3) Iphuzu elingathathi hlangothi lisekelwe ngegebe lokukhipha

Ama-ultra-high voltage transformer wonke angama-semi-insulated transformer, futhi ukugquma kwekhoyili yephoyinti engathathi hlangothi phansi kubuthakathaka kunezinye izingxenye. I-Neutral point insulation ijwayele ukuwohloka. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kwegebe kudinga ukulungiswa.

Umsebenzi wokuvikela igebe ukuvikela ukuphepha kwe-insulation point of neutral point ungrounded transformer.

Faka igebe lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwephoyinti elingathathi hlangothi le-transformer nomhlabathi njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni. Lapho iswishi yokuhlukanisa indawo ephansi ivaliwe, i-transformer isekelwe ngokuqondile futhi ukuvikelwa kokulandelana kwe-zero kuyasetshenziswa. Lapho inkinobho yokuhlukanisa isisekelo inqanyuliwe, i-transformer igxilwa ngegebe futhi ifakwe ekuvikelweni kwegebe.

Ukuvikelwa kwegebe kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa igebe lamanje elingu-3I0 eligeleza endaweni engathathi hlangothi ye-transformer kanye ne-PT yokuvula i-voltage engunxantathu engu-3U0 njengemibandela.

Uma iphuzu lokungathathi hlangothi liphakanyiswa ngenxa yephutha, igebe liyaphuka futhi igebe elikhulu lamanje elingu-3I0 liyakhiqizwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuvikelwa kwegebe kusebenza futhi i-transformer inqanyuliwe ngemva kokulibaziseka. Ukwengeza, uma iphutha lesisekelo lenzeka ohlelweni, ukuvikela okulandelanayo kweqanda kwe-neutral point grounding transformer kusebenza, futhi i-neutral point grounding transformer inqanyulwa kuqala. Ngemuva kokuthi uhlelo lulahlekelwe indawo yokubeka phansi, uma iphutha lisekhona, i-voltage engunxantathu evulekile 3U0 yebhasi PT izoba nkulu kakhulu, futhi ukuvikelwa kwegebe kuzosebenza ngalesi sikhathi.

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