Njengoba isidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke siqhubeka sikhuphuka, isidingo samasistimu okugcina amandla asebenzayo sibaluleka kakhulu. Amasistimu okugcina amandla adlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwegridi, kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela emafutheni endabuko ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamasistimu okugcina amandla atholakalayo namuhla, ngalinye linezici zalo ezihlukile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezihlukene zamasistimu okugcina amandla futhi sixoxe ngezici zawo ezibalulekile, izinzuzo, nezinselele ezingaba khona.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla emishini agcina amandla ngendlela yamandla emishini, angaguqulelwa kumandla kagesi uma kudingeka. Isibonelo esisodwa esivamile sokugcinwa kwamandla okuyimishini ukugcinwa kwamanzi okumpontshwa, lapho amandla kagesi engeziwe asetshenziswa ukumpompa amanzi asuka endaweni engaphansi aye endaweni ephakeme. Uma ugesi udingeka, amanzi agciniwe ayakhululwa ukuze ashayele ama-turbines futhi akhiqize amandla. Ezinye izibonelo zemishini yokugcina amandla ihlanganisa ama-flywheels kanye namasistimu okugcina amandla omoya acindezelwe (CAES).
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi okumpompa kungenye yobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuvuthwe kakhulu futhi obusatshalaliswe kabanzi, obunomlando ofakazelwe wokuthembeka nokusebenza kahle. Inikeza umthamo omkhulu wesitoreji futhi inganikeza ukuzinza kwegridi kanye nezinsizakalo zokulinganisa umthwalo. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ezinkulu zekhephithali kanye nezidingo eziqondene nendawo ethile zikhawulele ukwamukelwa kwayo okusabalele. Izinhlelo ze-Flywheel kanye ne-CAES ziyavela njengezinye izindlela ezithembisayo, ezinikeza izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo nezinketho zokuthumela eziguquguqukayo.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla kagesi agcina amandla ngendlela yamandla kagesi, ngokuvamile esebenzisa amabhethri noma ama-capacitor. Amabhethri awubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile futhi obuhlukahlukene bokugcina amandla kagesi, obusetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-elekthronikhi aphathwayo, ezimotweni zikagesi, kanye nesitoreji samandla esikalini segridi. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, amabhethri e-lead-acid, namabhethri agelezayo aphakathi kobuchwepheshe bebhethri obusetshenziswa kakhulu.
Amabhethri e-lithium-ion asephenduke indinganiso ye-de facto yezimoto zikagesi eziphathwayo kanye nezimoto zikagesi ngenxa yokuminyana kwazo okuphezulu, impilo yomjikelezo omude, kanye nekhono lokushaja ngokushesha/lokukhipha. Ziphinde zithole amandla ezinhlelweni zesikali segridi, zinikeza izixazululo ezingaka nezimodular zokuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokushefa okuphezulu. Amabhethri e-lead-asidi, nakuba anamandla amancane futhi aphila isikhathi esifushane kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion, asasetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla ezimile ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphansi nokusebenza okuqinisekisiwe. Amabhethri agelezayo, afana namabhethri okugeleza kwe-vanadium redox, athola ukunakwa ngempilo yawo yomjikelezo omude, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, namandla ahlukanisiwe namandla.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla ashisayo agcina amandla ngendlela yokushisa, engakhululwa futhi iguqulelwe kugesi noma isetshenziselwe ukufudumeza nokupholisa izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo esisodwa esivamile sokugcina amandla ashisayo isitoreji sikasawoti esincibilikisiwe, esivame ukusetshenziswa ekugxiliseni izitshalo zamandla elanga (CSP). Amandla elanga engeziwe asetshenziselwa ukushisisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe, ongabuye ugcinwe futhi usetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza isitimu nokushayela izinjini zomoya lapho amandla elanga engatholakali.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla ashisayo anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu namandla okugcina isikhathi eside, okuwenza afanelekele ukunika amandla ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokuthumeleka. Kodwa-ke, inkimbinkimbi nezindleko zezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ashisayo, kanye nesidingo semithombo yokushisa ephezulu, kukhawulele ukuthunyelwa kwazo okubanzi.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla amakhemikhali agcina amandla ngendlela yamabhondi amakhemikhali, njenge-hydrogen noma izibaseli zokwenziwa. Isitoreji se-hydrogen, ikakhulukazi, sizuze isithakazelo esibalulekile njengesithwali samandla esihlanzekile nesiguquguqukayo sokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezokuthutha, izinqubo zezimboni, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi. I-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis yamanzi kusetshenziswa ugesi ovuselelekayo futhi igcinwe ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva kumaseli kaphethiloli noma ezinjinini ezivuthayo.
Isitoreji se-hydrogen sinikeza amandla aphezulu aphezulu namandla okugcina isikhathi eside, okwenza kube inketho ethembisayo yokulinganisa ukukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo kanye nokukhipha ikhabhoni emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kodwa-ke, izinselele ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, ukugcinwa, ezokuthutha, nokuguqula ubuchwepheshe kusadingeka kubhekwane nazo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhweba okusabalele.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla e-electrochemical agcina amandla ngendlela yamakhemikhali, asebenzisa ukusabela kwe-redox ukugcina nokukhulula amandla kagesi. Obunye bobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical obaziwa kakhulu yibhethri eligelezayo le-redox, esebenzisa izixazululo ezimbili ze-electrolyte ezihlukaniswe ulwelwesi. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, ama-electrolyte athola ukusabela kwe-redox, agcine amandla kagesi. Ngesikhathi sokukhipha, ukusabela okuphambene kukhulula amandla agciniwe.
Amabhethri agelezayo e-Redox anikeza inzuzo yamandla angalawuleki futhi aguquguqukayo kanye nomthamo wamandla, okuwenza afanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokugcina amandla esikali segridi. Ziphinde zinikeze amandla okuphila komjikelezo omude kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha, nakuba izinselele ezihlobene nezindleko, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kwezinto zisadinga ukubhekwana nazo ukuze zamukelwe kabanzi.
Kafushane, amasistimu okugcina amandla adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvumela ukushintshela ekubeni nekusasa lamandla elisimeme neliqinile. Uhlobo ngalunye lwesistimu yokugcina amandla lunezici zalo ezihlukile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezinamazinga ahlukahlukene okuvuthwa, ukusebenza, kanye nezindleko. Njengoba intuthuko yobuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso somnotho sibonakala, amasistimu okugcina amandla kulindeleke ukuthi adlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka nokuzinza kwegridi. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nemizamo yokusatshalaliswa kubalulekile ekuboneni amandla aphelele ezinhlelo zokugcina amandla futhi kuqhubekisele phambili uguquko endaweni esimeme futhi evikelekile yamandla.
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