1. Kala soocida iyo moodooyinka korantada
2. 1. Kala soocida isticmaalka
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5. (3) Transformer Qaybinta: loo isticmaalo in lagu siiyo tamarta isticmaalayaasha.
6. (4) Transformer Plant: Waxay siisaa koronto gudaha ah warshadda korontada.
7. (5) Transformer ee saldhiga: Bixi koronto gudaha ah saldhiga.
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1. 2. Kala soocida dabaylaha
2. (1) Transformer-ka laba-laabanaysa: loo isticmaalo transformer-ka-kor-u-qaadista, transformer-ka-soo-dejinta, transformer-ka warshadda, iwm.
3. (2) Transformer saddex-wareeg ah: loo isticmaalo transformer-ka hoos-u-dhaca, tie transformer, iwm.
4. (3) Transformer-ka-isku-xidhka: loo isticmaalo transformer-ka hoos-u-dhaca, isku-beddelka xiriiriyaha, iwm.
5. (4) Transformer kala qaybsan: Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah axial split iyo radial split, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo transformers-ka warshadda iyo transformers-yada bilowga ah.
7. 3. Kala soocida qaab dhismeed
8. (1) Transformer-ka-hal-waji: loo isticmaalo 330 ~ 1000kV Transformers.
9. (2) Transformer saddex-waji ah: loo isticmaalo 10 ~ 500 kV.
10. (3) Transformer-ka la isku daray: Transformer-ku waxa uu u qaybsan yahay dhawr qaybood, waxaana la isku daraa Transformer-ka marka uu yimaado goobta, kaas oo loo isticmaalo meelaha ay ka jiraan gaadiidka aan munaasibka ahayn.
12. 4. Kala soocida habka qaboojinta
13. (1) Transformer-ka saliidda lagu shubay: loo isticmaalo 10 ~ 1000kV Transformers.
14. (2) Transformer nooca qalalan: loo isticmaalo 10 ~ 110 kV Transformers.
15. (3) SF6 Transformer: hadda waxaa loo isticmaalaa 110 kV Transformers.
17. 5. Qaabka korontadu
19. (1) Macnaha xarfaha tusaalaha
21. D — Hal waji F — qaboojinta hawo-qaboojinta saliidda
22. O-self P - wareegga saliidda ee qasabka ah
23. S-Saddex-waji ama saddex-geesood J-Qoojin-is-qaboojin- Saliid ah
24. Z — Xakameeyaha korantada ee culeyska saaran L — gariiradda aluminiumka
26. * Gariiradaha naxaasta ah iyo gariiradda labajibbaaran uma baahna inay ku daraan calaamado
28. (2) Tusaale
30. SFPSL-120000/110: 110kV, 120MVA saddex-waji saddex-geesood gariirad qasab ah wareegga saliidda hawada qaboojiyey gariiradda aluminium
32. OSFPSZ-240000/330: 330 kV, 240MVA saddex-waji oo saddex-geesood ah oo kor-u-qaadis ah Xeerarka korantada ayaa ku qasbay wareegga saliidda qaboojiyaha is-qabsiga
Midda labaad, gariiradda korontadu

Gariiradu waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan uguna adag ee korontadu Waxay ka samaysan tahay silig naxaas ah (ama aluminium) waxayna ka kooban tahay qaybo gaar ah oo dahaarka ah.
1. Gariiradda Spiral
Tilmaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee gariiradda wareega ayaa ah in tirada fiilooyinka isbarbar-dhigga ahi ay badan yihiin, keega siligga ayaa ku dhaawacmay wareegtada, iyo keega siligga ah waa gariirad hal wareeg ah. Gariiradda wareegtadu waxay leedahay degganaansho farsamo oo wanaagsan, kulayl wanaagsan iyo farsamoyaqaanno wanaagsan, waxaana si weyn loogu adeegsadaa gariiradda hoose iyo kuwa hadda sarreeya ee Transformers.
Gariiradda helicalka ah waxa loo kala qaybin karaa saddex dhismo oo hal helix ah, helix labanlaab ah iyo helix afar geesood ah iyadoo loo eegayo cabbirka hadda jira.
2. Gariiradda joogtada ah
Marka gariiradu ka kooban tahay dhawr qaybood oo silig ah oo loo qaybiyay jihada axial oo aan u baahnayn in la isku dhufto midba midka kale, waxaa loo yaqaannaa gariirad joogto ah.
Dusha sare ee taageerada dhamaadka xadhigga joogtada ah waa mid weyn, xoogga axial waa weyn yahay, caabbinta gaaban ee gaaban waa mid xooggan, qayb kasta oo khadka ah waxay leedahay awood weyn oo kuleylka kuleylka ah. Gariiradda noocaan ah waxay leedahay codsiyo kala duwan iyadoon loo eegin heerka korantada ama baaxadda awoodda.
3. Gariiradda isku xidhan
Gariiradda guracan waxay ka kooban tahay dhawr qaybood oo xariijimo ah. Gariiradaha leh dhammaan qaybaha xariiqda isku xidhan (Keega) waxa loo yaqaan gariiradda si buuxda u qallafsan, waxaana si weyn loogu adeegsadaa qalabka wax beddelka ee danabkoodu yahay 220kV iyo wixii ka sarreeya. Gariiradda ka kooban qayb ka mid ah qaybta xariiqda isku xidhan (keega) iyo qayb ka mid ah qaybta laynka joogtada ah waxa loo yaqaannaa gariiradda joogtada ah ee isku xidhan, kaas oo lagu dabaqo taransfoorayaasha leh danabkoodu yahay 66 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya.
Maaddaama ay geliso wareegyada aan ku xigayn inta u dhaxaysa wareegyada ku xiga ee gariiradda, qaybaha xariiqda rogrogmi kara ayaa la sameeyay waxaana la sameeyay gariirad qallafsan, taas oo kordhinaysa awoodda dhererka gariiradda oo samaynaysa danab dareen leh oo weheliya dhererka axial ee gariiradda. Sifooyinka qaybinta waa la wanaajiyey, sidaas darteed waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa gariiradaha sare ee kala duwan.
4. Gariiradda gaashaanka hoose
Gaashaanka gudaha ee gariiradda joogtada ah waa in la wanaajiyo qaybinta danabyada kicinta iyadoo la kordhinayo awoodda taxanaha ah ee u dhexeeya qaybaha laynka. Muuqaalkeeda qaabdhismeedku waa in rogaal-celinta dheeriga ah ay si toos ah ugu dhaawacmaan gudaha qaybta khadka joogtada ah. Cidhifyada wareegyada capacitor-ka waxaa lagu duuduubay dahaar ka dibna la hakiyay qaybta laynka. Xirmooyinka korantada ma xado hadda oo kaliya waxay ku shaqeeyaan danab degdeg ah.
Gariiradaha joogtada ah ee gudaha gaashaanka ku jira ayaa qaab dhismeed ahaan loo heli karaa qaab boodboodka laba-qaybood ah, boodboodka afar-qaybood ah, boodboodka siddeed-qaybood ah iyo isku xirka qaybaha.
Saddex, xudunta birta ee korontadu
Xuddunta birta sidoo kale waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah koronto-dhaliyaha. Waxa la sameeyay iyadoo la isku dhejiyo xaashida birta silikoon ee heersare ah ka dibna lagu xidho biraha birta ah ama lagu xidho xadhig dhalo ah.
1. Xaashiyaha birta ee Silicon
Waraaqaha birta silikoon ee loo isticmaalo beddelayaasha awoodda waa gadolinium silikoon bir ah oo qabow oo leh dhumucdiisuna tahay 0.3 ~ 0.5mm. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, kaliya Wuhan Iron iyo Steel Plant iyo Shanghai Baosteel ayaa soo saari kara xaashiyaha birta ah ee gadolinium qabow sida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaashida birta silikon ee loogu talagalay transformers waaweyn waa in laga keenaa Japan.
2. Qaab dhismeedka xudunta birta
(1) Xudunta birta ee laba-geesoodka ah ee hal-waji ah, oo loo isticmaalo transformers-yada kala duwan ee hal-waji ah.
(2) Qaybta hal-waji ee tiirka dhinaca xudunta u ah, oo loo isticmaalo korantada sare ee awoodda weyn ee hal waji ah
(3) Xudunta harqood ee laba-geesoodka ah ee hal-waji ah waxaa loo adeegsadaa koronto-dhaliyeyaasha-sare iyo ultra-sare-sare ee awoodda-weyn ee awoodda-hal-waji-hal-hal-beereedka.
(4) Sadexda weji ee saddex-geesoodka ah waa xudunta birta, taas oo loo isticmaalo kala duwanaansho saddex waji ah.
(5) Xudunta birta ee shanta sariirood ka kooban tahay oo loogu talagalay transformers saddex waji leh oo awood badan.

Tan afraad, haanta saliidda ee beddelka saliidda-qashinka ah
1. Haanta saliidda ee nooca fuustada ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa transformers-yada yar yar ee saliida lagu shubo iyo transformers-ka saliida lagu geliyo ee aad u weyn.
2. Taangiga nooca dambaska ah, oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo 110 ~ 500kV saliidda beddelka saliidda.
3. Haanta saliidda oo si buuxda u xidhan ayaa qarka u saaran in la alxano si ay u dhinto. Waxa kaliya loo isticmaali jiray transformers-ka saliida lagu shubo ee 110kV iyo wixii ka sareeya sanadihii ugu dambeeyay.
5. Badbaadiyaha saliida ee transformer-ka saliida lagu shubo
Badbaadiyaha saliidda ee Transformer-ku wuxuu leeyahay laba hawlood, midi waa inuu bixiyaa meel bannaan oo balaadhinta kulaylka iyo foosha saliidda beddelka ee haanta saliidda; Midda kale waa in la go'doomiyo saliidda Transformer-ka ee jawiga dibadda si looga hortago in saliidda transformer-ka ay gaboobaan.
1. Xafidiyaha saliida ee nooca Capsule, kaas oo isticmaala kaabsal caag ah si ay u kala soocaan saliidda transformer-ka iyo jawiga dibadda, waxayna siisaa meel bannaan oo balaadhinta kulaylka iyo foosha saliidda transformerka.
2. Diaphragm oil conservator waxa uu isticmaalaa diaphragm caag ah si uu u kala saaro saliidda transformerka iyo jawiga ka baxsan, waxa uuna siinayaa boos ay saliida transformer-ka ku fidiso oo ay qandaraas ku qaadato.
3. Saliidda jiingado waxay isticmaashaa balaadhinta birta ah ee ka kooban go'yaal bir ah si ay u kala saarto saliidda transformer-ka iyo jawiga dibadda, waxayna siinaysaa saliidda transformer-ka meel bannaan oo balaadhinta kulaylka. Kaydka saliidda jiingadaha waxa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc: nooca saliida gudaha iyo nooca saliida dibadda. Nooca saliidda gudaha ayaa leh waxqabad wanaagsan laakiin mug weyn.
6. Habka qaboojinta ee beddelka saliidda
1. Calaamadaha matalaya hababka qaboojinta
Xarafka ugu horreeya: O-saliid macdan, K- dareeraha dahaaran ee synthetic, L-gaaska dahaadhka ah.
Xarafka labaad: N - wareegga wareegga dabiiciga ah, F - wareegga saliidda ee qasabka ah, D - wareegga hagaha qasabka ah.
Xarafka saddexaad: A - hawada, W - biyaha.
Xarafka afraad: N - qulqulka dabiiciga ah, F - wareegga qasabka ah (fan, bamka).
2. Tusaalayaal
ONAN — Qaboojin bilaash ah
ONAF - qaboojinta hawada
OFAF— Qaboojinta Sadaalka ee Lagu Qasbay
ODAF- Qaboojin hagaya Wareega Saliidda Qasabka ah
Todoba, Transformer bushing
1. Dhuxul dahaarka saafiga ah ee 40kV iyo ka hooseeya
Daboolka noocaan ah wuxuu leeyahay laba qaab-dhismeed oo ah nooca usha hagaha iyo nooca fiilada. Nooca usha hagaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa baadiyaha korantada yar ee transformers; nooca cable-iyada waxaa loo isticmaalaa 10 ~ 20kV khadadka baxay-voltage sare.
2. baadiyaha hadda sarreeya ee 40kV iyo ka hooseeya
Kaynta noocaan ah waxay leedahay laba nooc oo qaab dhismeed ah: nooca usha hagaha iyo nooca capacitive. Usha hagaha nooca baadiyaha dhoobada saafiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa dabaylaha korantada yar ee koronto-dhaliyeyaasha awoodda dhexdhexaadka ah; bushing capacitive waxaa loo isticmaalaa dabaylaha korantada yar ee koronto-dhaliyeyaasha waaweyn.
3. Baaskiil awoodeedu yahay 66kV iyo wixii ka sareeya
Dahaarka gudaha ee gacan-gacmeedkani waa xudunta kapacitor-ka oo ka samaysan warqad daaha ah iyo bireed aluminium ah oo dhaawac kale ah. Xudunta capacitor-ka iyo sleeve porcelain-ka waxaa ka buuxa saliid dahamiya. Xidhiidhka u dhexeeya gacanta iyo dabaylaha ayaa leh laba nooc oo ah nooca usha hagaha iyo nooca fiilada. nooc ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka. Xudunta capacitor-ka saliidda ayaa si kale u dhaawacday tuubada korantada 0.08 ~ 0.12mm warqad fiilada qaro weyn iyo 0.01mm qaro weyn oo aluminium ah.
4. Buushka xajka leh ee xaashida ah ee 66 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya
Dahaarka gudaha ee gacan-gacmeedkani waa xudunta capacitor oo ay samaysatay waraaqo xabag ah oo si kale u wareegaya iyo bireed aluminium ah. Xudunta capacitor-ka iyo sleeve porcelain waxaa ka buuxsamay saliid dahaaran, iyo qeybta hoose ee gacantu uma baahna gacan-fure. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tanδ ee daboolka noocan oo kale ah waa weyn yahay, warqadda koollada si fudud ayaa loo dillaaciyaa oo ay dhalisaa qayb qayb ah, wax soo saarkuna waa la joojiyay hadda.
5. Kabka xabagta xabagta ee baadiyaha
Dahaarka ugu weyn ee gacan-gacmeedkan sidoo kale waa xudunta capacitor-ka oo ay sameysteen waraaqo dahaar ah oo beddelaad ah iyo bireed aluminium ah, iyo xabagta epoxy ayaa lagu shubaa bannaanka si ay u noqoto gacmo adag oo adag. Kaynta noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida saliid-gaaska, qaybta sare waxaa lagu dhejiyaa dhuumaha GIS, iyo gaaska SF6 ayaa ka buuxsamay inta u dhaxaysa; qaybta hoose waxaa lagu shubaa saliid transformer.
8. Habka nidaaminta korantada ee korontadu
1. Habka xakamaynta korantada
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo hababka xakamaynta danabyada loogu talagalay Transformers: Nidaaminta korantada aan kicinta iyo xakamaynta korantada-load. Nidaaminta korantada ee aan kicinta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno no-load voltage regulation, waa in la xakameeyo danabka marka tafatirka la joojiyo oo aan culeys lahayn; Qalabka xakameynaya danab aan kicin waxaa loo yaqaannaa beddelka qasabadaha; Aalaadda nidaamisa danab-qaadka ee culayska saaran waxa loo yaqaan beddelka-load-ka-qaadka.
2. Booska xakamaynta korantada ee culeyska
Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo ah transformer on-load jagooyinka nidaaminta danab: dhexdhexaad ah heerka korantada, xariiqda danab dhexdhexaadka ah xeerka dhamaadka danab iyo heerka sare ee xadhig gariiradda danab dhamaadka danab. Waxaa ka mid ah, qaab-dhismeedka iyo habka xakamaynta korantada dhibcaha dhexdhexaadka ah waa mid fudud, waxaana jira codsiyo badan.
3. Shidaalka korantada ee dareema
Dareemaha xakameynaya cadaadiska sidoo kale waa beddelaha tuubada. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tayada beddelka qasabadaha ee dalka gudihiisa lagu soo saaro ma fiicna, badina kuwa wax ku beddela tuubada waxay ku tiirsan yihiin wax soo dejinta, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah laga keeno Jarmalka MR iyo Swedish ABB.
Sagaal, saliid transformer
1. Halabuurka saliidda beddelka
Saliidda Transformer waa saliidda macdanta, taas oo isku dhafan unugyo badan oo hydrocarbon ah oo miisaankoodu kala duwan yahay, kuwaas oo u badan xeryahooda hydrocarbon sida alkanes, naphthenes iyo qadar yar oo ah hydrocarbons.
2. Shaqada iyo darajada saliidda beddelka
Saliidda Transformer ee saliidda dahaarka ee Transformers-ka saliidda-ku-jira. Saliida Transformer ma aha oo kaliya inay leedahay shaqada daboolka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay shaqada kuleylka kuleylka.
Saliidda Transformer waxay u qaybsantaa Saliida 25 iyo Saliida No. 45 iyadoo loo eegayo barta qaboojinta. Barafka qaboojinta ee saliidda 25 waa laga jaray 25 ° C; barta qaboojinta ee saliidda 45 waa laga jaray 45 ° C.
Saliidda No. 25 waa saliidda paraffin ku salaysan, saliidda 45-aadna waa saliidda naphthenic. Waagii hore, saliidda No. 45 waxay ahayd in dibadda laga keeno, hadda sifaynta Xinjiang Karamay ayaa iyaduna soo saari karta.
10. Habka wax-soo-saarka korontadu
Transformer-ku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood: jirka iyo qalabyada. Jidhku waxa uu ka kooban yahay gariiradda, qaybo dahaadh ah, xudunta birta, tuubada beddelka, saliid transformer iyo haanta saliidda. Agabka taransfooriyaha waxa ka mid ah kaydiyaha saliida, qaboojiye, baadiyaha, gaaska gudbinta, cadaadiska cadaadiska iyo heerkulbeegyada. Waxaa ka mid ah, qaboojiyeyaasha, saliidda dahaarka, baadiyaha, beddelaadaha tuubada, gaaska gaaska, kuwa cadaadiska sii daaya iyo heerkulbeegyada dhamaantood waxaa laga soo iibsadaa dibadda. Kuwa soo socda ayaa si kooban u soo bandhigaya hababka wax soo saarka ee dhowr qaybood oo waaweyn.

1. Gariiradda dabaysha: rakibidda qalfoofka dabaysha - gariiradda dabaysha - alxanka siliga - xidhmada dahaarka - qaabaynta gariiradda - tijaabada gariiradda.
2. Isku-xidhka xudunta birta: goynta xaashida birta silikoon - deburring - dhejinta xudunta birta - rakibida saxanka jiida iyo gaashaanka - xidhida xudunta birta - tijaabada xudunta birta - rakibida fiilooyinka xudunta u ah birta.
3. Qaybaha dahaarka ee farsamaynta: qaybaha dahaarka jarida - deburring - geesaha chamfered - daaweynta qoyaanka-cadeynta.
4. Habaynta haamaha shidaalka iyo haamaha kaydka saliida: goynta saxanka birta - alxanka haamaha shidaalka iyo haamaha kaydka saliida - saarista miridhku - ciid-qarxinta - rinjiyeynta asaasiga ah - rinjiyeynta - tijaabada xoogga farsamada.
5. Golaha guud: rakiba xudunta birta - rakib dhuumaha haanta shidaalka - deji gariiradda - dheji harqoodka birta - ku dheji beddelka tuubada - siliga alxanka - duub xargaha xargaha rasaasta - tijaabada alaabta semi-dhammeeyay - qallajinta jidhka - dhamaystirka jirka - ururinta taangiga shidaalka - shirka qalabka - Buuxinta saliidda - tijaabinta shaabadeynta - wareegga saliidda kulul - meelaynta taagan.
11. Tijaabada Warshada ee Korontada
Tijaabada warshadda ee transformer-ka korontadu waxa ay u qaybsantaa saddex nooc: Imtixaanka caadiga ah (warshada), tijaabada nooca iyo tijaabada gaarka ah. Tijaabada joogtada ah waa shay tijaabo ah oo ay tahay in la sameeyo transformer kasta marka uu ka baxayo warshada, waxaana inta badan loo yaqaannaa imtixaan warshadeed; Tijaabada nooca waa shay tijaabo ah oo lagu sameeyo muunad 1 ~ 2 transformers oo ah nooca badeecada; imtixaan gaar ah waxaa soo jeediyay isticmaaluhu. , iyo walxaha tijaabada ah waxay ku heshiiyeen soo saaraha.
1. Shuruudaha aasaasiga ah iyo qawaaniinta loogu talagalay tijaabada dahaarka sare ee tamarta
Dabaylaha transformer-ka waxaa lagu tijaabiyaa iyadoo loo eegayo tamarta ugu sarreysa ee Um iyo heerka dahaarka u dhigma. Jadwalka soo socda ayaa ah shayada tijaabada dahaarka ee lagu qeexay heerka qaranka GB1094.3-2003 "Tallaabiyaha Awooda Qaybta III: Heerka Xakamaynta, Tijaabada Dahaarka iyo Farqiga Hawada Sare ee Hawada" .
2. Shayada tijaabada ah ee caadiga ah (warshada).
(1) Cabbirka iska caabbinta dabaysha ee DC: cabbirka dhammaan terminaalka tuubada.
(2) Cabbirka saamiga: cabbir dhammaan goobaha tuubada.
(3) Ogaanshaha kooxda fiilooyinka: tijaabi booska tuubada ee lagu qiimeeyay.
(4) Cabbirka caabbinta dahaarka, saamiga nuugista iyo tusaha polarization: Kaliya beddelayaasha 220kV iyo wixii ka sareeya ayaa cabbiri kara tusaha polarization-ka.
(5) Tijaabada dabaysha iyo awoodda: 35kV iyo wixii ka sareeya waa in lagu tijaabiyaa tanδ. .
(6) Bushing tanδ iyo tijaabada awoodda: 66kV iyo wixii ka sareeya baadiyaha awoodda leh waa in lagu tijaabiyaa tanδ iyo awoodda
(7) Tijaabada saliidda beddelka: falanqaynta saliidda, xoogga dielectric, tanδ, falanqaynta chromatographic iyo walxaha kale, 750kV iyo wixii ka sareeya transformers waa in sidoo kale lagu tijaabiyaa cabbirka qaybta saliidda. Waxaa intaa dheer, falanqaynta kiimikada saliidda iyo falanqaynta chromatographic saliidda ayaa lagu soo celceliyay inta lagu gudajiro habka tijaabada.
(8) Wax-load la'aan iyo cabbir la'aan hadda jirta: Ku samee tijaabada hoosta xargaha korantada ee la qiimeeyay.
(9) Cabbirka luminta rarka iyo xannibaadda wareegga-gaaban: tijaabi xargaha korantada ee la qiimeeyay.
(10) Tijaabada sii daynta qayb ka mid ah: Qadarka bixista looma isticmaalin qiimayn ahaan, laakiin kaliya tixraac ahaan haddii tijaabada korantada sare la samayn karo iyo in kale.
(11) Tijaabada mawjada buuxda ee hillaaca: 220kV iyo wixii ka sareeya, 120MVA iyo wixii ka sareeya transformers.
(12) Tijaabada saamaynta hawlgalka: Transformers 330 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya.
(13) Tijaabada u adkeysiga danabka leh ee cabbirka dareeraha qayb ahaan: Transformers of 110 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya.
(14) Inta jeer ee dhismaha dibadda ayaa u adkeysanaya tijaabada korantada ee dabaysha korantada yar iyo barta dhexdhexaadka ah.
(15) Imtixaanka sii daynta qayb ka mid ah: Imtixaankani waa imtixaan qiimaynta qiimaha tijaabada warshadda.
(16) Cabbirka korontada socodka saliidda: Transformers oo leh bambooyin saliid ah oo ah 330 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya.
(17) Tijaabada sii daynta qayb ka mid ah bamka saliida wareega: Transformers oo leh bamka saliida ee 330 kV iyo wixii ka sareeya.
2. Nooca walxaha tijaabada ah
(1) Tijaabada kor u kaca heerkulka.
(2) Hirarka hillaaca waa la tijaabiyay.
(3) Tijaabada saamaynta hir-buuxa ee hillaaca meel dhexdhexaad ah.
(4) Tijaabada faragelinta raadiyaha
3. Shayada tijaabada gaarka ah
(1) Cabbirka heerka dhawaaqa.
(2) Cabbiraadda impedance-ka eber ee isku xigxiga ee transformers-ka saddex-waji ah.
(3) Cabbirka iswaafajinta ee hadda wax-load ah.
(4) Cabbirka awoodda uu nuugo mishiinka marawaxada iyo matoorka bamka saliidda.
(5) Cabbirka sifooyinka kala wareejinta tamarta ku meel gaadhka ah.
(6) U adkeyso tijaabada kartida wareegga gaaban.
LA XIRIIR US
Ka faa'iidayso aqoontayada iyo waayo-aragnimada aan la barbar dhigi karin, waxaanu ku siinaynaa adeegga ugu wanaagsan ee wax-ka-beddelka.
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KA BAXA FARIIN
Fadlan buuxi oo soo gudbi foomka hoose, waxaanu kula soo xidhiidhi doonaa 48 saacadood, mahadsanid!
RELA AMAANAY
Dhammaantood waxaa loo soo saaray si waafaqsan heerarka caalamiga ah ee ugu adag. Badeecadahayadu waxay raalli ka noqdeen suuqyada gudaha iyo dibaddaba.