Transformer No-load/Load Test Intshayelelo

Uvavanyo lwesiphaluka esifutshane: i-artificially-short-circuit i-low-voltage kunye ne-high-current side ye-transformer, kwaye udlulise umbane wovavanyo lwe-frequency elinganisiweyo ukusuka kumpompo olinganisiweyo wekhoyili kwicala lombane ophezulu ukwenza umsinga kwi-coil. i-winding ifikelela kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo, kwaye emva koko ulinganise amandla okufakwayo kunye ne-voltage esetyenzisiweyo (oko kukuthi ilahleko ye-short-circuit kunye ne-short-circuit voltage) kunye nexabiso langoku. Ngokuqhelekileyo umthamo wovavanyo lombane kufuneka ube ngama-30% omthamo wemveliso evavanyiweyo.

I-Zero i-impedance yolandelelwano: I-impedance efunyenwe sisiguquli kulandelelwano lwesigaba ngasinye (esilungileyo, esingalunganga, esingu-zero) sombane kwaye sangoku sibizwa ngokuba yi-sequence impedance, kwaye lulandelelwano olulungileyo, ulandelelwano olubi kunye ne-zero yokulandelelana ngokulandelelana. I-impedance yolandelelwano olulungileyo ngokwenene luthintelo oluboniswa ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo. Xa inkqubo isebenza ngokulinganayo, ulandelelwano lwe-zero lwangoku luya kuveliswa. I-impedance yolandelelwano oluhle lwe-transformer ilingana ne-impedance yolandelelwano olubi, kwaye ilingana ne-impedance ye-short-circuit ye-transformer. Kwi-impedance ye-zero-sequence, kuba nangaliphi na ixesha, ubukhulu kunye nolwalathiso lwe-zero-sequence currents kuzo zontathu izigaba ziyafana, oko kukuthi, isimbuku sabo asilingani no-zero, ngoko ke i-impedance ye-zero-sequence intrinsically inxulumene ne-positive- ulandelelwano lwe impedance kunye nenegative-sequence impedance. Umahluko kukuba ubungakanani bayo abuhambelani kuphela kwindlela yokudibanisa yokucima, kodwa kunye nesakhiwo sentsimbi yentsimbi. Ke ngoko, i-impedance ye-zero-sequence kufuneka imiselwe ngumlinganiselo wangempela.

Indlela yoVavanyo

⑴ Inqanaba elinye lovavanyo lokungathwali mthwalo

Izinto zovavanyo lwesigaba esisodwa sokungathwali mthwalo zidla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ilahleko yokungabikho komthwalo kunye nomthwalo okhoyo ngoku wepesenti yeenguqu zesigaba esisodwa. Ingasetyenziselwa kwakhona ukuvavanywa kwesigaba-ngesigaba se-transformer yesigaba sesithathu (ikakhulukazi isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba i-transformer phantsi kovavanyo ineziphene zesigaba esisodwa). Le ndlela yokuvavanya iyafuneka kwakhona xa kungekho nqanaba lesithathu lonikezelo lwamandla kwindawo.

Uvavanyo lwesigaba esisodwa sokungabikho komthwalo kunye ne-A-phase voltage kunye ne-A-phase current yesixhobo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo, sebenzisa unikezelo lwamandla lwesigaba esinye njengonikezelo lwamandla ovavanyo, ucingo oluphilayo luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal esebenzayo ye-terminal yangoku yesigaba se-A somvavanyi, ucingo olutyebileyo olutyheli luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal engalunganga. i-terminal yangoku ye-A-phase, kunye nocingo olubhityileyo luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal ye-A-phase voltage Ua, Umgca ongqindilili wepliers obomvu uqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kumgca we-zero wonikezelo lwamandla ovavanyo, umgca omncinci uqhagamshelwe kwi-B- Itheminali yombane wesigaba u-Ub, kunye neepliers ezimbini zibotshelelwe ngokulandelelanayo kwiitheminali ezimbini kwicala le-low-voltage. Icala lamandla ombane aphezulu livuliwe.

Le ndlela iphinda ifanelekele ukulinganisa ilahleko yokungabikho komthwalo we-transformer yesigaba sesithathu esinamandla esigaba esisodwa. Xa kufunyenwe ukuba ilahleko idlula umgangatho emva kovavanyo lwesigaba sesithathu sokungabikho komthwalo, ukulahleka kwesigaba sesithathu kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokwahlukileyo. Ngokuhlalutya kunye nokuthelekisa ilahleko engekho mthwalo kwisigaba ngasinye, ukusasazwa kokungabikho komthwalo kwisigaba ngasinye kunokujongwa ukujonga ukujikeleza okanye ukujikeleza kwamagnetic kwisigaba ngasinye. ezineziphene okanye ezingenazo. I-short-circuit one-fase phase winding of transformer in turn, sebenzisa i-voltage kwezinye i-wind-phase-single windings, kwaye ulinganise ukulahlekelwa komthwalo kunye nokungabikho komthwalo wangoku. Umzobo we-wiring uboniswe kumzobo, ngokwendlela yokudibanisa i-winding ye-transformer phantsi kovavanyo, indlela yoxinzelelo inokwahlulwa ibe yimeko ezintathu njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.

a. Ukujija ngoxinzelelo △ kuqhagamshelwe

Ngexesha lomlinganiselo, cinezela izigaba ze-ab, bc, kunye ne-ca ngokulandelelana, kunye ne-short-circuit i-windings enganyanzelisiyo. Ilahleko elinganisiweyo ibalwa ngokwale fomula ilandelayo:

Qaphela: Kwifomula, i-In yi-rerated current ye-coil yovavanyo

b. Umoya ocinezelekileyo uqhagamshelwe kwi-Y kwaye unendawo engathathi hlangothi ekhokelela ngaphandle:

Xa ulinganisa, i-winding non-pressurized winding short-circuited; i-voltage esetyenzisiweyo iphindwe kabini i-voltage yesigaba, isiphumo sokulahlekelwa sibalwa ngokwefomula ye-1, kwaye isiphumo sangoku esingenamthwalo sihambelana ne-formula 2 (0.289 kwifomyula iguqulwa ibe yi-0.333).

c. Umoya ocinezelekileyo uqhagamshelwe kwi-Y, kwaye akukho ndawo ingathathi hlangothi izotyiweyo:

Xa i-winding ye-non-pressurized winding ayikwazi ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba indawo engathathi hlangothi ayitsalwanga, isigaba esihambelanayo somoya wesibini kufuneka sibe sifutshane ngexesha lokulinganisa; i-voltage esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ibe kabini i-voltage yesigaba.

⑵ Inqanaba lesithathu lovavanyo lokungathwali mthwalo

Iingcingo njengoko kubonisiwe

Sebenzisa isilawuli se-voltage yesigaba sesithathu njengovavanyo lwamandla ovavanyo, qhagamshela isiphelo sokuphuma kwe-voltage regulator ukuya kwisiphelo esihle se-terminal yangoku yomvavanyi wamandla; iingcingo ezishinyeneyo zovavanyo oluthathu lweclamps ziqhagamshelwe ngokulandelelanayo kwisiphelo esibi setheminali yangoku yomvavanyi ngokombala; Iingcingo ezicekethekileyo zepliers ezintathu zovavanyo ziqhagamshelwe ngokulandelelana kwiitheminali zombane zomvavanyi ngokwemibala yazo. Emva koko cinezela i-clamps ezintathu zovavanyo kwi-terminal ye-low-voltage side ye-transformer phantsi kovavanyo. I-yellow clamp ixhunywe kwikholamu ye-A-phase, i-clamp eluhlaza idibaniswe kwikholamu yesigaba se-B, kwaye i-clamp ebomvu ixhunywe kwikholamu yesigaba se-C. Icala lombane ophezulu livuliwe.

(3) Uvavanyo olufutshane lwesigaba esinye

Izinto zovavanyo olufutshane lwesigaba esinye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ilahleko yesiphaluka esifutshane kunye ne-impedance voltage ye-single-phase transformers. Ukongezelela, xa uvavanya i-transformer yesigaba sesithathu, xa kungekho sigaba sesithathu sombane okanye amandla ombane amancinci, kwaye xa ukuhlolwa kwesigaba-ngesigaba kuyadingeka ukucacisa isigaba esiphosakeleyo ngexesha lokuvelisa okanye ukusebenza. , indlela yovavanyo lwesigaba esifutshane sesekhethi nayo iyafuneka; iingcingo ngokwendlela eboniswe kumzobo:

Sebenzisa unikezelo lwamandla lwesigaba esinye njengonikezelo lwamandla ovavanyo, ucingo oluphilayo luqhagamshelwe kwitheminali elungileyo ye-terminal yangoku yesigaba se-A somvavanyi, ucingo olutyebileyo olutyheli luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal engalunganga ye-terminal yangoku yesigaba se-A. , ucingo olubhityileyo luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal ye-A-phase voltage Ua, kwaye ucingo olubomvu olungqindilili luqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal ye-A-phase Ua. Qhagamshela ngokuthe ngqo kumgca we-zero wonikezelo lwamandla ovavanyo, qhagamshela umgca obhityileyo kwi-terminal ye-voltage yesigaba se-B u-Ub, kwaye ubambe iipliers ezimbini kwiitheminali ezimbini kwicala le-voltage ephantsi. Icala le-high-voltage lifutshane-elijikelezayo kunye nocingo olukhethekileyo olufutshane. Qaphela ukuba i-short-circuit kufuneka ibe yinto enhle, ngaphandle koko idatha yovavanyo iya kuchaphazeleka.

Indlela yokwenza uvavanyo olufutshane lwesigaba-ngesigaba kwi-transformer yesigaba esithathu kunye nonikezelo lombane lwesigaba esinye kukujikeleza i-low-voltage yesigaba sesithathu se-terminal ephumayo ye-transformer, kwaye wenze imilinganiselo emithathu icala lombane ophezulu. Ngokwendlela yokudibanisa i-winging ye-transformer phantsi kovavanyo, inokwahlulwa kwiimeko ezimbini ezilandelayo. , bona a, b.

a. Ukujija ngoxinzelelo △ kuqhagamshelwe

Icala loxinzelelo oluphezulu luxinzezelekile, kwaye isiphelo sesigaba sesithathu secala elingenaxinzelelo (icala eliphantsi loxinzelelo) kufuneka lidibaniswe ngesandla. I-current in the winding kufuneka ibe yi-2 / umfanekiso wamaxesha angoku, kwaye ixabiso elilinganisiweyo linokuguqulwa libe yilahleko ye-short-phase yesigaba esithathu kunye ne-short-circuit voltage ngokwe-formula ilandelayo:

Qaphela: apho i-Un yivoltheji elinganisiweyo yecala loxinzelelo

b. Umoya ocinezelekileyo uqhagamshelwe nguY

     Uxinzelelo phakathi kwazo naziphi na izigaba ezibini ngokulandelelana, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, isiphelo sesigaba sesithathu se-non-pressurized side sidityaniswe ngokufutshane.

Qaphela: apho i-Un yivoltheji elinganisiweyo yecala loxinzelelo

⑷ Uvavanyo olufutshane lwenqanaba lesithathu

Ucingo njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso:

Qaphela: Ukuba i-high-voltage okanye i-medium-voltage side outlet bushing ixhotywe nge-ring transformer yangoku, isibini se-transformer yangoku kufuneka ibe yifutshane-ijikeleze phambi kovavanyo.

Sebenzisa isilawuli se-voltage yesigaba sesithathu njengovavanyo lwamandla ovavanyo, qhagamshela isiphelo sokuphuma kwe-voltage regulator ukuya kwisiphelo esihle se-terminal yangoku yomvavanyi wamandla; iingcingo ezishinyeneyo zovavanyo oluthathu lweclamps ziqhagamshelwe ngokulandelelanayo kwisiphelo esibi setheminali yangoku yomvavanyi ngokombala; Iingcingo ezicekethekileyo zepliers ezintathu zovavanyo ziqhagamshelwe ngokulandelelana kwiitheminali zombane zomvavanyi ngokwemibala yazo. Emva koko cinezela izibophelelo ezintathu zovavanyo kwi-terminal ye-high-voltage side ye-transformer phantsi kovavanyo. I-yellow clamp ixhunywe kwikholamu ye-A-phase, i-clamp eluhlaza idibaniswe kwikholamu yesigaba se-B, kwaye i-clamp ebomvu ixhunywe kwikholamu yesigaba se-C. Emva koko sebenzisa i-short-circuit wire kwi-short-circuit i-terminals ezintathu kwicala le-low-voltage. Qaphela ukuba i-short-circuit kufuneka idibaniswe kakuhle, ngaphandle koko idatha yovavanyo iya kuchaphazeleka.

⑸ Uvavanyo lwe-impedance olulandelelanayo

I-impedance eboniswa yi-voltage ye-zero-sequence kunye ne-zero-sequence current ye-transformer ibizwa ngokuba yi-zero-sequence impedance. Xa inkqubo isebenza ngokulinganayo, i-zero-sequence current iya kuveliswa. Ubungakanani bayo abuhambelani kuphela nendlela i-windings edibeneyo ngayo, kodwa kunye nesakhiwo esisisiseko.

Ngomlinganiselo wesiguquli se-impedans yolandelelwano lwe-zero, ucingo njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo:

Sebenzisa isilawuli se-voltage yesigaba esinye njengonikezelo lwamandla ovavanyo, qhagamshela isiphelo esinye solawulo lwevoltheji ukuya kwisiphelo esilungileyo se-terminal yangoku ye-A-phase yomvavanyi welahleko, kunye nesinye isiphelo sesiphumo ukuya kwisiphelo esibi se-C- isigaba sesiphelo sangoku somvavanyi; Uvavanyo oluphuzi Intambo engqindilili ye-clamp ixhunyiwe kwisiphelo esibi se-terminal ye-A-phase yangoku yomvavanyi, kunye nocingo lokuvavanya i-voltage luxhunyiwe kwi-terminal ye-A-phase voltage; ucingo olungqingqwa lweclamp yovavanyo olubomvu luqhagamshelwe kwisiphelo esibi se-C-phase ye-terminal yangoku yomvavanyi (oko kukuthi, kunye nolawulo lwamandla ombane Iziphumo ziqhagamshelwe kunye), kwaye ucingo olubhityileyo ludityaniswe kwisigaba se-B. i-terminal ye-voltage yomvavanyi. Emva koko i-short-circuit i-A, B, kunye ne-C-yesigaba se-terminal ye-Yn side ye-wiring yendlela ye-transformer phantsi kovavanyo kunye, kwaye udibanise i-clamp yokuvavanya ephuzi; i-terminal yesigaba esingu-0 iqhagamshelwe kwi-clamp yovavanyo ebomvu. Qaphela ukuba kufuneka ibe mfutshane kakuhle, kungenjalo iya kuchaphazela idatha yovavanyo.

Amanyathelo ovavanyo

I-1) Isigaba sesithathu sokulinganisa amandla isiguquli akukho-mthwalo, amanyathelo okuvavanya ukulahleka komthwalo

A. Seta iiparamitha zovavanyo kuqala;

B. Qhagamshela iingcingo zovavanyo ngokwesigaba sesithathu somzobo omfutshane wovavanyo;

C. Yenza uvavanyo lwesigaba esifutshane sesekhethi kwaye utshixe idatha yovavanyo;

D. Qhagamshela iingcingo zovavanyo ngokwesigaba sesithathu somzobo wokungathwali umthwalo;

E. Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwenqanaba lesithathu lokungathwali kwaye utshixe idatha yovavanyo;

F. Faka isikrini seziphumo zovavanyo ukujonga yonke idatha;

G. Gcina iirekhodi zovavanyo.

2) Isiguquli somlinganiselo wamandla esinesigaba esinye, akukho mthwalo, amanyathelo ovavanyo lokulahlekelwa ngumthwalo

A. Seta iiparamitha zovavanyo kuqala;

B. Qhagamshela ucingo lovavanyo ngokwedayagram yovavanyo lwesigaba esinye sesiphaluka esifutshane;

C. Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwesigaba esinye sesekethe emfutshane;

D. Rekhoda iziphumo zovavanyo lwesekethe emfutshane

E. Qhagamshela ucingo lokuvavanya ngokwedayagram yovavanyo lwenqanaba elinye lokungenamthwalo;

F. Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwenqanaba elinye lokungathwali mthwalo;

G. Rekhoda iziphumo zovavanyo lovavanyo lokungathwali mthwalo

Ukulumkela

1. Qinisekisa ukuba ungabambi iindawo zetsimbi zovavanyo olukhokelela ngexesha lokulinganisa ukuphepha ukutshitshiswa kombane.

    2. I-wiring yokulinganisa kufuneka iqhutywe ngokungqongqo ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo, ngaphandle koko iziphumo ziya kuba yingozi yakho.

    3. Ngaphambi kokuvavanya, qiniseka ukuba uhlolisise ngenyameko ukuba iiparitha ezimiselweyo zichanekile.

    4. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-outlet yamandla kunye nocingo oluphantsi.

    5. Ayikwazi ukusebenza phantsi kwe-voltage kunye nemida engaphezulu yangoku.

    6. Ngethuba lovavanyo lwesekethe emfutshane, i-short-circuit kwicala elingenaxinzelelo kufuneka ibe ntle, kungenjalo iya kuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo.

    7. Ngethuba lovavanyo olufutshane, ukuba i-high-voltage okanye i-medium-voltage side outlet bushing ixhotywe nge-transformer yangoku ye-toroidal, i-secondary ye-transformer yangoku kufuneka ibe yifutshane ngaphambi kovavanyo.

8. Umsebenzi wokuvavanya i-wiring kufuneka uqhutywe phantsi komqathango wokuba isekethe evavanyiweyo igxininiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukutshitshiswa kombane kwi-voltage e-induced.Zonke iifutshane, iindawo kunye nezikhokelo kufuneka zibe ne-cross-section eyaneleyo kwaye kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe ngokukhuselekileyo. Umbutho wovavanyo kufuneka ube ngqongqo kwaye unxibelelwano kufuneka luhambe kakuhle ukuqinisekisa inkqubela ekhuselekileyo negudileyo yomsebenzi wovavanyo.

Intshayelelo yesixhobo:

Umvavanyi weempawu zeTransformer akukho mthwalo ochanekileyo sisixhobo esichanekileyo esiphuhliswe ngokukodwa kwaye siphuhliswe yinkampani yethu yokulinganisa i-transformer akukho-load, iparameters zomthwalo kunye ne-zero-sequence impedance parameters. Inokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo uluhlu lweeparamitha ezinjengokungabikho komthwalo wangoku, ukulahlekelwa ngumthwalo, ukulahleka kwexesha elifutshane, i-impedance voltage, umxholo we-harmonic, kunye nesantya sokuphazamiseka kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo. Isixhobo sineenzuzo zobukhulu obuncinci, ubunzima obulula, ukuchaneka komlinganiselo ophezulu, ukuzinza okulungileyo, ukusebenza okulula kunye nokufunda okulula, njl. i-wiring, uvavanyo olufanelekileyo kunye nokurekhoda, kunye nokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle. Isebenzisa umzobo omkhulu wescreen esinombala wokwenyani weLCD njengefestile ebonisayo, ukusebenza kwemenyu yegraphic kwaye ixhotyiswe ngoonobumba baseTshayina, ujongano lokubonisa oludibanisa iiparamitha ezininzi kwiscreen esinye, ujongano lwencoko yababini yomatshini wobuntu, kulula kwaye iyakhawuleza ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kubasebenzisi bamandla kuwo onke amanqanaba. Imveliso ekhethwayo.

Iimpawu zesixhobo:

1. Inokulinganisa i-no-load current, i-no-load loss, i-impedance voltage, ukulahleka komthwalo kunye ne-zero-sequence impedance yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-transformers.

2. Unokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo ukulungiswa kokuguqulwa kwe-waveform, ukulungiswa kweqondo lokushisa (ukubonelela ngolungiso olulula lobushushu kunye nokulungiswa kwelahleko eyongezelelweyo ngokulandelelana), ukulungiswa kwe-voltage (akukho mthwalo wokuvavanya phantsi kwe-voltage engalinganiyo), ukulungiswa kwangoku (isiphaluka esifutshane phantsi kweemeko zangoku ezingalinganiswanga) ), ifaneleke kakhulu kwiiyunithi ezingenayo iimeko zovavanyo lwesetyhula ezimfutshane kwiziguquli ezinomthamo omkhulu kancinane.

3. Inokulinganisa i-voltage yesigaba sesithathu, i-current-phase current, i-voltage ye-avareji, i-avareji yangoku, i-avareji yamandla asebenzayo (kuba indlela yemitha yamandla amabini yamkelwe, kuphela amandla esigaba se-A kunye ne-C siboniswa apha. ), kunye namandla ewonke. I-4, inokulinganisa i-2-42 umxholo we-harmonic we-voltage yesigaba ngasinye kunye ne-current kunye nesantya esipheleleyo sokuphazamiseka (ukuphazamiseka kwe-harmonic) yesiginali nganye.

5. Iyakwazi ukubonisa i-real-time waveform ye-voltage yesigaba ngasinye kunye nekhoyo, kwaye ibonise ngokubonakalayo ukuphazamiseka kwe-waveform.

6. Umda wobubanzi be-loop ububanzi: i-voltage inokulinganiswa ukuya kwi-750V, kwaye ukuchaneka kunokuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokutshintsha izixhobo. Isixhobo ngokwaso asiyi konakaliswa ngenxa yokhetho olungalunganga lwezixhobo zombane.

7. Isikrini esikhulu, imenyu egcweleyo ye-Chinese kunye ne-operation prompts iqaphela i-dialogue ye-man-machine friendly, amaqhosha e-rubber conductive enza umsebenzi ube lula, kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu kombala we-LCD oyinyaniso unokulungelelanisa ixesha lasebusika kunye nehlobo.

 8. Umsebenzisi unokuprinta idatha yovavanyo nge-micro-printer nangaliphi na ixesha.

9. Zonke iziphumo zovavanyo zinokugcinwa ngohlobo lweerekhodi ukwenzela ukuba zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo.

10. Iwashi yokwenene eyakhelweyo ingabonisa umhla kunye nexesha langoku ngexesha langempela, kwaye ixesha lokuvavanya lingagcinwa ngexesha elifanayo xa irekhodi ligcinwa.

Iiparamitha zesixhobo: 

1. Iimpawu zegalelo

  Uluhlu lokulinganisa umbane: 0 ~ 750V umda obanzi.

  Uluhlu lwangoku lokulinganisa: 0 ~ 5 ~ 100A, zonke iindidi zangaphakathi zitshintshwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

2. Ukuchaneka

  Umbane: ±0.2%

  Okwangoku: ±0.2% yoluhlu

 Amandla: ±0.5% (CosΦ>0.1), ±1.0% (0.05<CosΦ<0.1)

3. Ubushushu bokusebenza

  Ubushushu bokusebenza: -10℃~ +40℃

4. Amandla okusebenza

Amandla okusebenza: AC 160V ~ 265V

5. I-Insulation

   (1) Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-insulation ye-voltage kunye ne-input terminals yangoku kwi-chassis inkulu okanye ilingana ne-100MΩ.

   (2) I-frequency yamandla yi-2KV (ixabiso elisebenzayo) phakathi kokuphela kwegalelo lokunikezelwa kwamandla okusebenza kunye ne-casing, kunye novavanyo lwathatha umzuzu we-1.

6. Umthamo: 32cm×24cm×13cm

7. Ubunzima: 3Kg

Umfanekiso wesixhobo:

• Unyakakelwe
  --
• Uhlobo lweshishini
  --
• Ilizwe / Ingingqi
  --
• Ishishini eliphambili
  --
• Iimveliso eziphambili
  --
• Ishishini lomntu osemthethweni
  --
• Abasebenzi bazonke
  --
• Ixabiso lokuphuma lonyaka
  --
• Ukuthengisa ngaphandle
  --
• Abathengi abasebenzayo
  --