Isigwebo kunye nokunyangwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezingaqhelekanga ze-transformer

Uhlalutyo olungaqhelekanga lomsebenzi we-transformer

I.  Isandi esingaqhelekanga sesiguquli

Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-transformer ivuliwe, kuya kubakho ingxolo ye-buzzing, eyona nto ibangelwa yi-voltage magnetic flux. Ngethuba lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, isandi se-transformer siyafana. Xa kukho ezinye ingxolo, fumana ngononophelo izizathu kwaye ujongane nazo.

1. Isandi se-transformer siphezulu kunesiqhelo, kwaye isandi silingana, esinokubangelwa zezi zizathu zilandelayo:

(1) Ukugqithiswa kwamandla kwenzeka kwigridi yamandla. Xa i-single-phase-grounding okanye i-resonance overvoltage ivela kwigridi yamandla, isandi se-transformer siya kwanda. Kule meko, isigwebo esibanzi sinokwenziwa ngokudibanisa nesalathiso se-voltmeter.

(2) Xa i-transformer igcwele kakhulu, iya kwenza i-transformer ikhuphe isandi esinzima "sokubetha". Ukuba umthwalo we-transformer ufunyaniswa ukuba ugqithise ixabiso eliqhelekileyo elivumelekileyo, umthwalo we-transformer uya kuncitshiswa ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yemigaqo yesayithi.

Indlela yonyango: ukuhlalutya izizathu, ukwenza iirekhodi, ukuqinisa ukubeka iliso, nokubuyisela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwe-transformer ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba kubangelwa kukugqithiswa, umgaqo wonyango ogqithisiweyo uya kulandelwa.

2. I-transformer inengxolo

Isenokubangelwa kukukhululeka kwezinye iindawo kwi-transformer. Ukuba isandi se-transformer sinyukile ngokucacileyo kwaye i-current kunye ne-voltage ayiqhelekanga ngokucacileyo, inokubangelwa ukukhululeka kwe-clamp yangaphakathi okanye i-screw ecinezela i-core core, eyandisa ukungcangcazela kwe-silicon sheet sheet.

Indlela yonyango: ukuba ayichaphazeli ukusebenza kwe-transformer, inokushiywa ingaphathwanga okwethutyana. Yenza iirekhodi, uqinise ukubeka iliso, unike ingxelo kwi-dispatcher kunye neenkokheli ezifanelekileyo zokuhlola ukusilela kwamandla kunye nonyango.

3. I-transformer inesandi sokukhupha

I-transformer inesandi sokukhupha "i-crack". Ukuba kukho i-corona eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-spark kufuphi ne-transformer bushing ebusuku okanye kwimozulu yemvula, ibonisa ukuba iindawo ze-porcelain zingcoliseke kakhulu okanye ikhadi lomgca wesixhobo alidibanisi kakubi. Kwimeko yokukhutshwa kwangaphakathi kwe-transformer, kukukhutshwa kwe-electrostatic yeendawo ezingenanto okanye ukukhupha i-coil inter-turn discharge, okanye ukukhutshwa ngenxa yokunxibelelana kakubi kwempompo yokutshintsha.

Indlela yonyango: ingxelo kwi-dispatcher kunye neenkokheli ezifanelekileyo ngeli xesha kwaye ufake isicelo sokuhlolwa kokungaphumeleli kwamandla kunye nokunyangwa kwe-transformer.

4. I-transformer ine-crack

Ibonisa ukuba i-insulation yangaphakathi okanye i-surface ye-transformer iphukile, kwaye i-transformer kufuneka imiswe ngokukhawuleza ukuze ihlolwe.

5. I-transformer inesandi samanzi abilayo

Ukuba i-transformer inesandi samanzi abilayo, kwaye ubushushu butshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye izinga leoli liyenyuka, kufuneka kugwetywe ukuba i-transformer winding inesiphaluka esifutshane okanye i-overheating eyingozi ebangelwa uqhagamshelwano olubi lwempompo yokutshintsha, kwaye i-transformer kufuneka imiswe ngokukhawuleza ukuze ihlolwe. .

II.  Ukushisa okuphezulu kweoli ephezulu

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu le-oyile ye-transformer liya kubonwa ngexesha lokusebenza, kwaye iqondo lokushisa elijikelezayo liya kulawulwa ngokujongwa kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu le-oyile ukukhusela inqanaba le-insulation ekuweni nasekugugeni. Ngaphantsi komthwalo oqhelekileyo kunye neemeko zokupholisa eziqhelekileyo, ukushisa kweoli ye-transformer kungaphezulu kwe-10 ℃ ngaphezu kwesiqhelo okanye umthwalo we-transformer awutshintshi, kwaye i-oyile ye-oyile ikhuphuka ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuba iziphumo zokuhlola zingqina ukuba isixhobo sokupholisa silungile kwaye ithemometha ayinasiphoso, kuqwalaselwa ukuba i-transformer ineziphoso zangaphakathi (ezifana nomlilo wentsimbi kunye ne-winding inter-turn short circuit, njl.). Ngeli xesha, i-transformer kufuneka imiswe ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ukwanda kwengozi ye-transformer.

III. Umbala weoli ongaqhelekanga

Ioli ye-transformer iya kuba phuzi eqaqambileyo kwaye ibonakale phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba umbala we-oyile kwigeyiji yenqanaba le-oyile uyatshintsha ngexesha lokusebenza, qhagamshelana ukuze uthathe iisampulu zeoyile kuhlalutyo lwekhemikhali. Ukuba umbala weoyile we-transformer uhla ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokusebenza, kwaye kukho ikhabhoni kwioli kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga, amandla aya kunqunyulwa ngokukhawuleza ukuze ahlolwe kunye nonyango.

IV.  Inqanaba leoli elingaqhelekanga

Isigcini se-oyile se-transformer sixhotyiswe ngenqanaba le-oyile yegeyiji, ebonisa ngokubanzi imigca emithathu yenqanaba le-oyile xa ubushushu bu-30 ℃+20 ℃ kunye+40 ℃. Ngokwala manqaku mathathu, sinokugqiba ukuba ngaba kuyimfuneko ukunyusa okanye ukukhupha ioli.

Izinga eliphezulu leoli:

Xa inqanaba leoli le-transformer ekusebenzeni liphezulu kakhulu okanye i-oyile iphuphuma kwi-conservator, jonga kuqala ukuba ngaba umthwalo kunye nokushisa kwe-transformer kuqhelekileyo. Ukuba umthwalo kunye nokushisa kuqhelekileyo, kunokugwetywa ukuba inqanaba leoli lobuxoki libangelwa ukuvalelwa kokuphefumula okanye i-oyile level gauge. Ngeli xesha, ukukhuselwa kwegesi (igesi enzima) kuya kutshintshwa kwisignali emva kokuvunywa kwe-dispatcher emsebenzini, kwaye emva koko i-respirator iya kuchithwa unyango. Ukuba ioli iyaphuphuma kwi-conservator ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu be-ambient, i-oyile iya kuchithwa.

Inqanaba leoli eliphantsi:

Ukuba izinga leoli le-transformer liphantsi kakhulu, ukukhuselwa kwegesi (igesi ekhanyayo) kuya kwenza; Kwimeko yokunqongophala kwe-oyile emandla, i-iron core kunye ne-winding zityhileka emoyeni, ezithanda ukufuma kwaye zinokubangela ukophuka kwe-insulation. Ke ngoko, indlela yokutofa kweoli yevacuum kufuneka isetyenziswe kwi-oyile ye-transformer ekusebenzeni. Ukuba inqanaba leoli lehla ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yexabiso elikhulu lokuvuza kweoli kwaye liwela ngaphantsi kwe-gas relay okanye iyaqhubeka nokuhla, i-transformer iya kumisa ngokukhawuleza.

V.  Ukulayisha ngaphezulu

Xa i-transformer ekusebenzeni igcwele, isalathisi se-ammeter sinokudlula ixabiso elizinzile, kwaye isibonakaliso kunye nentsimbi ye-alarm inokusebenza. Abasebenzi abasebenzayo baya kujongana nale migaqo ilandelayo:

① Khangela ukuba umsinga kwicala ngalinye uyalidlula ixabiso elichaziweyo kwaye unike ingxelo kumlindi osemsebenzini.

② Jonga ukuba inqanaba leoli kunye nobushushu be-transformer buqhelekile, kwaye ubeke zonke iicoolers zisebenze ngaxeshanye.

③ Lungisa indlela yokusebenza ngexesha. Ukuba kukho i-transformer yokulinda, kufuneka ifakwe ekusebenzeni.

④ Qhagamshelana ne-dispatcher ukulungelelanisa ukuhanjiswa komthwalo ngexesha.

⑤ Kwimeko yomthwalo oqhelekileyo, ixesha lokusebenza elivumelekileyo linokumiselwa ngokobuninzi bomthwalo ogqithisiweyo, kwaye ukubeka iliso kwinqanaba leoli kunye nobushushu be-oyile kuya kuqiniswa. Ixabiso elivumelekileyo aliyi kugqithiswa. Ukuba ixesha ligqithisiwe, umthwalo uya kuncitshiswa ngokukhawuleza.

⑥ Kwimeko yomthwalo ogqithisileyo ngempazamo, ukuphinda-phinda okuvumelekileyo kunye nexesha lomthwalo omninzi kuya kuhambelana nezibonelelo zomenzi. Ukuba ukugqithiswa kwe-multiple kunye nexesha lidlula ixabiso elivumelekileyo, ukuthotyelwa kwe-transformer kuya kuncitshiswa kwakhona ngokwemigaqo.

⑦ Yenza uhlolo olubanzi lwe-transformer kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nayo, kwaye unike ingxelo kunye nokujongana nako nakuphi na ukungaqhelekanga okufunyenweyo.

VI.  Ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokupholisa

Xa inkqubo yokupholisa ye-transformer (ibhekisa kwimpompo ye-oyile ephantsi kwamanzi kunye nenkqubo yamanzi okupholisa) isilela, kwaye isiguquleli sithumela umqondiso wegalelo elipholileyo lokulinda kunye nokumisa okupholileyo okupholileyo, la manyathelo alandelayo aya kuthathwa:

1. Khangela ukuba isixhobo sokupholisa esilindile siqaliswe ngoko nangoko.

2. Khangela unobangela wokusilela kombane ngoko nangoko kwaye ubuyisele imowudi yokusebenza eqhelekileyo yesixhobo sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza.

3. Yomeleza ukubeka iliso kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu leoli kunye nenqanaba le-oyile ye-transformer, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwesixhobo sokupholisa.

4. Ukuba inkqubo yokupholisa ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa ixesha elithile, faka isicelo sokunciphisa umthwalo okanye isicelo sokuba i-transformer ingasebenzi ukuze ithintele i-transformer ukuba iqhube ngaphaya kwexesha elichaziweyo elingapholisi, elibangela ukushisa kunye nomonakalo.

VII.  Isenzo sokukhusela igesi

Izizathu zesenzo sokukhusela igesi ingaba:

1. Kukho iphutha elincinci kwi-transformer, ukuvelisa igesi ebuthakathaka;

2. Umoya ungena kwi-transformer;

3. Izinga leoli liyancipha;

4. Impazamo yesekethe yesibini (efana ne-two-point grounding yesistim ye-DC) ibangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle.

Emva kokuba isignali yokukhusela igesi ibonakala, umqhubi uya kuqhuba ngokukhawuleza uhlolo lwangaphandle kwi-transformer. Okokuqala, jonga inqanaba leoli kunye nombala kwi-conservator, nokuba kukho igesi kwi-relay yegesi, ubungakanani kunye nombala wegesi, kwaye ukhangele ukuba kukho ukuvuza kweoli kumzimba we-transformer kunye nenkqubo yokujikeleza kweoli. Ngexesha elifanayo, khangela umthwalo, ukushisa kunye nesandi se-transformer. Emva kokuhlolwa kwangaphandle, ukuba akukho nto engaqhelekanga efunyenweyo, igesi evela kwi-transformer iya kutsalwa ukufumana uhlobo lwegesi, kwaye isampuli yeoli iya kuthathwa ukuvavanya ukuba kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ngokudibeneyo uhlobo lwesiphoso.

VIII.  Amalungu kunye nezizathu lula ukufudumeza ngexesha lokusebenza

1. Uqhagamshelwano olubi lokutshintsha impompo

Ukudibana kakubi kwenza ukuchasana noqhagamshelwano kunyuke, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa, kunye nobushushu bubukhali. Oku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi emva kokutshintsha impompo naxa i-transformer igcwele kakhulu.

2. I-Winding interturn short circuit

I-Inter-turn short circuit ibhekiselele kumonakalo wokugquma phakathi kokujika kocingo olusondeleyo. Oku kuya kubangela ukuvala i-loop yesiphaluka esifutshane kunye nokunciphisa inani lokujika kwe-winding yesi sigaba. Kukho i-short-circuit current eyenziwa ngokutshintshana kwamagnetic flux kwi-short-circuit loop, eya kuvelisa ukushisa okuphezulu kwaye inokubangela ukuba i-transformer itshise.

3. Kukho isekethe emfutshane yesekethe phakathi kweentsimbi ezingundoqo ze-silicon sheets

Ukufakwa kwepeyinti phakathi kwamaphepha ensimbi ye-silicon yonakele ngenxa yomonakalo wamandla angaphandle okanye ukuguga kwe-insulation, okuya kwandisa i-eddy yangoku, kubangele ukushisa kwendawo, kunye nokunyibilika komonakalo kwiimeko ezinzima, okubizwa ngokuba ngumlilo wentsimbi.

4. Uqhagamshelwano olubi lwezinye iindawo lubangela ukushisa kwendawo.

Iingcebiso zonyango: jonga ngokusondeleyo utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa kwiindawo ezigqithisiweyo, qinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusebenza, uhlalutye unobangela wokushisa, qhagamshelana ne-dispatcher, kwaye ujongane nokungaphumeleli kwamandla.

Unyango lwengozi ye-transformer

Ngokubanzi: Ngokwe-6.1.2 ye-DL/T572-95 iNgcaciso yokuSebenza kweSiguquli saMandla:

I-transformer iya kuvalwa ngokukhawuleza kwimeko nayiphi na le miqathango ilandelayo. Ukuba kukho i-standby transformer esebenzayo, iya kufakwa ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza okukhulu:

A. Ingxolo ye-transformer iyanda ngokucacileyo, ayiqhelekanga kakhulu, kwaye kukho ukuqhekeka ngaphakathi;

B. Ukuvuza okukhulu kweoli okanye inaliti yeoli ibangela ukuba izinga leoli liwele ngaphantsi komda obonisiweyo wegeyiji yezinga leoli;

C. Ihlathi lonakele kakhulu kwaye likhutshiwe;

D. I-transformer iyatshaya kwaye ibamba umlilo.

I.  Ukukhubeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-transformer

Emva kokukhubeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-transformer, oku kuhlolwa kulandelayo kunye nonyango luya kwenziwa:

① Emva kokuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-transformer, umqhubi uya kwenza unyango olucwangcisiweyo, oko kukuthi, abeke isiguquli sokulinda ukuba sisebenze, ukulungelelanisa indlela yokusebenza kunye nokusabalalisa umthwalo, kunye nokugcina inkqubo yokusebenza kunye nezixhobo zayo zikwimeko eqhelekileyo.

② Jonga ukuba yeyiphi intshukumo yokhuseleko nokuba ichanekile.

③ Qonda ukuba ingaba inkqubo ineziphene kunye nohlobo lweempazamo.

④ Ubonelelo lwamandla lunokuvavanywa kube kanye ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwangaphandle phantsi kwale miqathango ilandelayo: ukubanjwa kwabasebenzi, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko gwenxa; kuphela

I-low-voltage overcurrent or time-limited overcurrent protection acts, kunye nezixhobo zenqanaba elilandelayo leehambo ze-transformer ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa ukukhuselwa kwayo akusebenzi, kwaye iphoso liye lahlukaniswa.

⑤ Kwimeko yokukhuselwa ngokwahlukileyo, ukukhuselwa kwegesi okanye ukunqanda ngokukhawuleza ukukhuselwa kwe-overcurrent kunye nezinye izenzo zokukhusela, kwaye kukho impembelelo xa kukho impazamo, i-transformer kunye nenkqubo yayo kufuneka ihlolwe ngokubanzi, ukunqunyulwa kwamandla kunye nokulinganisa kwe-insulation. Akuvunyelwe ukubeka i-transformer ekusebenzeni kuze kube yilapho isizathu sifunyenwe okanye siphathwe ngokufanelekileyo.

II.  Isenzo sokukhusela igesi (uhambo)

Xa isenzo sokukhusela igesi sohambo lwe-transformer, uhlolo olulandelayo kunye nonyango luya kwenziwa:

a) Qokelela irhasi yesilayidi serhasi ukwenzela uhlalutyo lwechromatographic. Ukuba akukho gesi, khangela ukuba i-terminal kunye ne-lead insulation yesekethe yesibini kunye ne-gas relay ilungile.

b) Jonga ukuba umgangatho we-oyile, ubushushu be-oyile kunye nombala we-oyile uyatshintsha;

c) Jonga ukuba umbhobho ongaqhubiyo wophukile kwaye utshize i-oyile;

d) Jonga ukuba iqokobhe le-transformer likhubazekile kwaye nokuba i-welding seam ifakwe i-oyile.

e) Ukuba akukho ntlupheko ifunyenwe emva kokuhlolwa, kwaye kuqinisekisiwe ukuba ukungasebenzi kubangelwa yimpazamo yesekethe yesibini, ukhuseleko lwegesi lunokudityaniswa nomqondiso okanye luphume xa ukhuseleko olwahlukileyo kunye nokhuseleko olugqithisiweyo lusebenza, kwaye Ubonelelo lombane lunokuvavanywa kube kanye, kwaye ukubekwa esweni kuya komelezwa.

f) Ukuba kukho irhasi kwisilayidi serhasi okanye kukho ingxaki kwezi zinto zingasentla a, b, C kunye d, umbane wokuvala umbane kunye nonyango oluhambelanayo luya kwenziwa, kwaye lunokuqaliswa ukusebenza emva kokuphumelela uhlolo. uvavanyo.

III.  Isenzo sokhuselo lwangoku lwe-voltage transformer

Xa i-transformer overcurrent ikhusela izenzo kunye nohambo, uhlolo olulandelayo kunye nonyango luya kwenziwa:

a) Qwalasela ibhasi kunye nezixhobo ebhasini ukujikeleza okufutshane kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo;

b) Khangela ukuba izixhobo ezininzi zokulinganisa ze-transformer zifutshane;

c) Jonga ukuba ngaba ukhuseleko lwecala lombane olusezantsi luyasebenza kwaye nokuba ukhuseleko lomgca ngamnye luyasebenza.

d) Xa kuqinisekiswa ukuba ibhasi ifile, umgca olawulwa yibhasi mawuvulwe.

e) Kwimeko yokusilela kwebhasi, cinga ngokutshintsha ibhasi okanye ukudlulisa umthwalo.

f) Ukuba kuqinisekisiwe ukuba uhambo luyi-skip, qhagamshelana nomthumeli osemsebenzini kwaye uzame ukwenza amandla kube kanye.

g) Xa unikezelo lwamandla lovavanyo lulungile, fumana umgca wempazamo nganye nganye.

h) Ukuba kubangelwa yisekethe, amandla anokudluliselwa emva kokuba i-fault factor isusiwe.

IV.  Isenzo sokhuselo lolwahlulo loguqulo

O Shang Signal whheri I

Emva kohambo lokukhuselwa kwenguqu yenguqu, olu hlolo lulandelayo kunye nonyango luya kwenziwa:

a) Jonga ukuba ngaba i-transformer ayiqhelekanga, kwaye ingaba izigqubuthelo ezingaphakathi kuluhlu lokhuseleko olwahlukileyo zine-flashover kunye nomonakalo;

Jonga ukuba ukhokelo lufutshane.

b) Ukuba izixhobo ezingaphakathi kwendawo yokukhusela ngokwahlukileyo azikho impazamo ecacileyo, khangela ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-relay kunye nesekethe yesibini inesiphoso.

Jonga ukuba isekethe ye-DC imiselwe kumanqaku amabini.

c) Emva kolu hlolo lungentla, akukho siphoso, kwaye ingxelo ivunyiwe yinjineli eyintloko, uvavanyo loxinzelelo oluqhubekayo luya kwenziwa xa umthwalo unqanyuliwe.

Yifake ekusebenzeni emva kokuba ibonakaliswe ukuba ilungile.

d) Kwimeko yokungasebenzi kakuhle okubangelwa yimijikelezo yombane neyesibini, ukukhuselwa okwahlukileyo kunokukhutshwa ngemvume yeNjineli eyintloko.

Faka i-transformer ekusebenzeni.

e) Xa ukukhuselwa kokwahlukana kunye nokukhuselwa kwegesi kusebenza ngaxeshanye ukuhamba kwi-transformer, akuvumelekanga

I-transformer ifakwa ekusebenzeni.

V. Inqanawa yoxinzelelo emlilweni

Umgaqo wonyango womlilo we-transformer: ukusilela kwamandla -- ukukhupha i-oyile -- ukucima umlilo.

① Ukungaphumeleli kwamandla: ukuba i-transformer iyavutha kwaye ukhuseleko aluhambi ngokuzenzekelayo, i-breaker circuit kunye nokwahlukaniswa.

Shiya isitshixo sivaliwe, kwaye uphume kwindawo epholileyo ukuze uqhawule umbane waso. Kwimeko yokubeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezikufutshane, qhagamshelana ngexesha elifanelekileyo

Misa ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezikufutshane.

② Umbhobho we-oyile: Ukuba i-oyile iphuphuma kwisigqubuthelo esiphezulu se-transformer kwaye ibambe umlilo, vula i-valve yokukhupha i-oyile ezantsi kwe-transformer ukukhupha ioli ukuya.

I-pool ye-oyile engxamisekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba izinga leoli le-transformer liphantsi kunomgangatho womlilo; Ukuba impazamo yangaphakathi ye-transformer ibangela umlilo

Khupha ioli ukukhusela ukuqhuma; Ukuba iqokobhe le-transformer laphukile kwaye kukho ukuphuphuma kwe-oyile, ichibi le-oyile ye-oyile iya kuvalelwa amanzi kunye nokuphuma kombane.

Vula ivalve yombane yokukhupha i-oyile ukukhupha i-oyile kwichibi le-oyile likaxakeka le-transformer enkulu.

③ Qalisa impompo yomlilo kwaye uvule isivalo samanzi somlilo ukutshiza isiguquli ukucima umlilo. ④ Ingxelo kumphathi kwaye uqale isicwangciso sikaxakeka.

⑤ Yazisa isebe lomlilo kwaye uncedise ekuphatheni.

Qaphela: Ungathabatha inxaxheba ekucimeni umlilo ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwakho. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-carbon dioxide, ezine

Ikhabhoni eneklorini, isixhobo sokucima umlilo esingumgubo kunye nesanti eyomileyo; Abacimi-mlilo kufuneka banxibe iimaski zegesi; Abasebenzi abakhethekileyo baya kwabelwa ukuba balawule umlilo,

Thintela amaxhoba.

• Unyakakelwe
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• Uhlobo lweshishini
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• Ilizwe / Ingingqi
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• Ishishini eliphambili
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• Iimveliso eziphambili
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• Ishishini lomntu osemthethweni
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• Abasebenzi bazonke
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• Ixabiso lokuphuma lonyaka
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• Ukuthengisa ngaphandle
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• Abathengi abasebenzayo
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