Iindlela zokubala ilahleko ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-impedance voltages ze-transformers

Ifomula Yokubala Ukulahleka Kwetransformer

(1) Ukulahleka kwamandla asebenzayo: ΔP=Po+KT β2 Pk

(2) Ukulahleka kwamandla okusebenza: ΔQ=Qo+KT β2 Qk

(3) Ukulahleka kwamandla okupheleleyo: ΔPz=ΔP+KQΔQ

Qo≈Io%Sn, Qk≈Uk%Sn

Apho: Qo - ukulahleka kwamandla okusabela okungenamthwalo (kvar)

Po——ukulahleka komthwalo (kW)

I-Pk——Ukulahleka komthwalo okulinganiselweyo (kW)

Umthamo we-Sn - transformer olinganiswe (kVA)

Ipesenti ye-UK%——ipesenti ye-voltage yesekethe emfutshane

β——into yomthwalo, eyi-ratio yamandla omthwalo kumandla ombane alinganisiweyo.

I-KT——i-coefficient yokulahleka kokuguquguquka komthwalo

Qk——Amandla okuvuza okuhamba komthwalo alinganisiweyo (kvar)

I-KQ——ixabiso elilinganayo lezoqoqosho elisebenzayo (kW/kvar)

Iimeko zokukhetha zeparameter nganye ekubalweni kwefomula engentla:

(1) Thatha i-KT=1.05;

(2) Xa umthwalo omncinci wenkqubo uthathwa kwi-6kV ~ 10kV step-down transformer yegridi yamandla asezidolophini kunye negridi yamandla eshishini lemizi-mveliso, amandla ayo asebenzayo alingana ne-KQ = 0.1kW/kvar;

(3) Umlinganiselo womthwalo ophakathi we-transformer yi-β=20% kwii-transformers zezolimo; kwiinkampani zoshishino, kusetyenziswa ii-shift ezintathu, kwaye i-β=75% iyafuneka;

(4) Amaxesha okusebenza e-transformer T = 8760h, iiyure zokulahleka komthwalo eziphezulu: t = 5500h;

(5) Ilahleko yomthwalo wetransformer Po, ilahleko yomthwalo elinganisiweyo Pk, Io%, Uk%, bona ulwazi lwefektri yemveliso.

Iimpawu zokulahleka kweTransformer

I-Po - ukulahleka komthwalo, ikakhulu ukulahleka kwesinyithi, kubandakanya ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kunye nokulahleka kwe-eddy current;

Ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kuhambelana ne-frequency; kuhambelana namandla e-hysteresis coefficient ye-maximum magnetic flux density.

Ukulahleka komsinga we-eddy kuhambelana nemveliso yefrikhwensi, ubuninzi be-magnetic flux density, kunye nobukhulu bephepha lesinyithi le-silicon.

I-Pc——Ukulahleka komthwalo, ikakhulu ilahleko ekuchaseni xa umsinga womthwalo udlula kwi-winding, ebizwa ngokuba yilahleko yobhedu. Ubungakanani bayo buyahluka ngokomsinga womthwalo kwaye bulingana nesikwere somsinga womthwalo; (kwaye bubonakaliswa lixabiso lokuguqulwa kobushushu obuqhelekileyo bekhoyili).

Ukulahleka komthwalo nako kuyachaphazeleka bubushushu betransformer. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvuza okubangelwa ngumsinga womthwalo kuya kuvelisa ilahleko yomsinga we-eddy kwi-winding kunye nelahleko elahlekileyo kwinxalenye yesinyithi engaphandle kwe-winding.

Ilahleko iyonke yetransformer ΔP=Po+Pc

Umlinganiselo wokulahleka kwetransformer = Pc /Po

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-transformer = Pz/(Pz+ΔP), echazwa njengepesenti; apho i-Pz ingamandla okukhupha icala lesibini le-transformer.

Ukubalwa koMbane oLahlekileyo oGuqukayo

Ukulahleka kwamandla kwetransformer kuqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini: ukulahleka kwentsimbi kunye nokulahleka kobhedu. Ukulahleka kwentsimbi kunxulumene nexesha lokusebenza, kwaye ukulahleka kobhedu kunxulumene nomthwalo. Ke ngoko, ukulahleka kwamandla kufuneka kubalwe ngokwahlukeneyo.

1. Ukubalwa kombane olahlekileyo ngentsimbi: Umbane olahlekileyo ngentsimbi weemodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye namandla, ifomula yokubala yile: umbane olahlekileyo ngentsimbi (kWh) = ukulahleka komthwalo (kW) × ixesha lokunikezelwa kombane (iiyure)

Ukulahleka komthwalo (ukulahleka kwentsimbi) kwesiguquli sokuhambisa kunokujongwa kwitheyibhile eqhotyoshelweyo, kwaye ixesha lokunikezelwa kombane lixesha lokusebenza kwesiguquli, elimiselwa ngokwemigaqo elandelayo:

(1) Kubasebenzisi abanamandla aqhubekayo, inyanga yonke ibalwa njengeeyure ezingama-720.

(2) Ngenxa yezizathu zegridi yombane, umbane onikezelwa ngamaxesha athile okanye umbane onikezelwa ngamaxesha athile, ubalo luza kusekelwa kwiiyure zombane zangempela zesitishi esingaphantsi kombane kumsebenzisi, kwaye aluyi kuthathwa njengolunzima ukubala, kwaye luza kubalwa ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwenyanga epheleleyo. Ixesha kufuneka lincitshiswe xa kubalwa ilahleko yesinyithi.

(3) Abasebenzisi abaxhotyiswe ngeewotshi ezidityanisiweyo kwicala le-voltage ephantsi ye-transformer babalwa ngokwexesha lombane eliqokelelweyo leewotshi ezidityanisiweyo.

2. Ukubalwa kombane olahlekayo ngobhedu: xa isantya somthwalo singama-40% nangaphantsi, uhlawuliswa njenge-2% yombane osetyenzisiweyo ngenyanga (ngokusekelwe kufundo lwemitha yamandla ombane). Ifomyula yokubala yile: umbane olahlekayo ngobhedu (kWh) = ukusetyenziswa kombane ngenyanga Isixa (kWh) × 2%

Ngenxa yokuba ilahleko yobhedu inxulumene nomsinga womthwalo (umbane), xa isantya somthwalo esiqhelekileyo senyanga se-transformer yokusasaza sidlula i-40%, amandla okulahleka kobhedu kufuneka ahlawuliswe kwi-3% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngenyanga. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngenyanga xa isantya somthwalo singama-40% kunokujongwa kwitheyibhile eqhotyoshelweyo. Ifomula yokubala isantya somthwalo yile: isantya somthwalo = amandla okukopa/S. T． Cos￠

Kwifomyula: S - umthamo olinganisiweyo we-distribution transformer (kVA); T - ixesha lekhalenda yenyanga yonke, thabatha iiyure ezingama-720; COS￠ - amandla, thabatha i-0.80.

Ukulahleka okuguqukayo kwe-transformer yamandla kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube kukulahleka kobhedu kunye nokulahleka kwesinyithi. Ukulahleka kobhedu ngokubanzi yi-0.5%. Ukulahleka kwesinyithi ngokubanzi yi-5 ~ 7%. Ukulahleka kotshintsho kwe-transformer yohlobo olomileyo kuncinci kunohlobo lokuhlasela kweoyile. Ukulahleka okupheleleyo: 0.5 + 6 = 6.5 Indlela yokubala: 1000KVA × 6.5% = 65KVA

65KVA × iiyure ezingama-24 × iintsuku ezingama-365 = 569400KWT (iidigri)

Ipleyiti yegama kwi-transformer inedatha ethile.

Ukulahleka komthwalo wetransformer

Ukulahleka komthwalo kubhekisa kumandla afunxwa yitransformer xa icala lesibini letransformer livuliwe kwaye i-voltage ye-sine wave yecala eliphambili ilingana ne-voltage elinganisiweyo. Ngokubanzi, kuphela i-frequency elinganisiweyo kunye ne-voltage elinganisiweyo enikwa ingqalelo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha i-voltage yokucofa kunye ne-voltage waveform, ukuchaneka kwenkqubo yokulinganisa, izixhobo zovavanyo kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo azinikwa ngqalelo. Ixabiso elibaliweyo, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo, ixabiso elilinganisiweyo, kunye nexabiso eliqinisekisiweyo lokulahleka ziyabhideka kwakhona.

Ukuba i-voltage yongezwa kwicala eliphambili kwaye kukho i-tap, ukuba i-transformer ilawula i-voltage ye-magnetic flux engaguqukiyo, i-voltage esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ibe yi-voltage ye-tap position ye-tap ehambelana nombane. Kwimeko ye-voltage ye-magnetic flux eguquguqukayo, kuba ukulahleka komthwalo kwahlukile kwindawo nganye ye-tap, indawo ye-tap echanekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokweemfuno zobugcisa, kwaye i-voltage echaziweyo kufuneka isetyenziswe, kuba ngexesha le-voltage ye-magnetic flux eguquguqukayo, icala eliphambili lihlala lisebenzisa i-voltage kwindawo nganye ye-tap.

Ngokwesiqhelo kufuneka ukuba i-waveform ye-voltage esetyenzisiweyo ibe malunga ne-sinusoidal. Ke ngoko, enye kukusebenzisa i-harmonic analyzer ukulinganisa izinto ze-harmonic ezikwi-voltage waveform, kwaye enye kukusebenzisa indlela elula yokulinganisa i-voltage nge-voltmeter ephakathi, kodwa isikali yi-voltmeter yexabiso elisebenzayo, kwaye siyithelekise ne-voltmeter yexabiso elisebenzayo, xa umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini ungaphezulu kwe-3%, oko kuthetha ukuba i-voltage waveform ayilo-sine wave, kwaye ilahleko elinganisiweyo yokungathwali umthwalo kufuneka ingasebenzi ngokweemfuno zomgangatho omtsha.

Kwinkqubo yokulinganisa, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha umgca wovavanyo ofanelekileyo, ukhethe izixhobo zovavanyo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo. Ngenxa yophuhliso lwezinto ezinokungena ngemagnethi, amandla ombane alahlekileyo ngekhilogram nganye ancitshiswe kakhulu. Abavelisi basebenzisa amaphepha esinyithi e-silicon asemgangathweni ophezulu ajolise kwingqolowa okanye ii-alloys ezi-amorphous njengezinto ezinokungena ngemagnethi. Akukho mingxunya kumthungo nakwithambeka elipheleleyo, kwaye itekhnoloji yokungafaki idyokhwe yesinyithi iyasetyenziswa kule nkqubo. Abavelisi baphuhlisa ii-transformers ezilahlekelwa kancinci, ingakumbi ukulahleka komthwalo kuncitshiswe kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iimfuno ezintsha zibekwe kwinkqubo yokulinganisa. Umthamo uhlala ufana, kwaye ukwehla kokulahleka komthwalo kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane e-transformer ayancipha xa kungekho mthwalo. Amandla amancinci afuna umenzi ukuba atshintshe kwaye aguqule inkqubo yokulinganisa. Kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa indlela ye-wattmeter ezintathu ukulinganisa, khetha i-transformer yeklasi ye-0.05-0.1, kwaye ukhethe i-wattmeter enamandla aphantsi. Kuphela ngale ndlela apho ukuchaneka kokulinganisa kungaqinisekiswa. Xa amandla e-power factor eyi-0.01, umahluko wesigaba se-transformer uya kubangela impazamo yamandla ye-2.9% xa umahluko wesigaba uyi-1 minute. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wangoku kunye nomlinganiselo we-voltage ye-transformer yangoku kunye ne-voltage transformer ngexesha lokulinganisa kwangempela. Xa umbane wangoku umncinci kakhulu kunombane oqhagamshelwe kwi-transformer yangoku, kokukhona umahluko wesigaba kunye nempazamo yangoku ye-transformer yangoku inkulu, oku kuya kukhokelela kwimpazamo enkulu kwiziphumo zokulinganisa kwangempela. Ke ngoko, umbane otsalwa yi-transformer kufuneka usondele kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo lombane we-transformer yangoku.

Ukongeza, kuyilo, ngokweenkqubo ezimiselweyo, ilahleko engenamthwalo ebalwe ngokubhekisa kwi-unit loss kunye ne-process coefficient ye-silicon steel sheet ekhethiweyo ibizwa ngokuba lixabiso elibaliweyo. Eli xabiso kufuneka lithelekiswe nexabiso eliqhelekileyo elichazwe kumgangatho okanye ngexabiso eliqhelekileyo okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo elichazwe kwikhontrakthi. Ixabiso elibaliweyo kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo, kwaye akukho ndawo yokubala, ngakumbi kwii-transformers ezenziwe ngebhetshi. Ukongeza, ixabiso elibaliweyo lisebenza kuphela kumyili okanye kwicandelo loyilo, kwaye alinampembelelo yomthetho. Ixabiso elibaliweyo alinakusetyenziswa ukugweba inqanaba lokulahleka kwemveliso. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo elichazwe kumgangatho okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo elichazwe kwikhontrakthi lisebenza ngokusemthethweni. Iimveliso ezidlula ixabiso eliqhelekileyo kunye nokuphambuka okuvumelekileyo, okanye ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo (ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo lilingana nexabiso eliqhelekileyo kunye nokuphambuka okuvumelekileyo) ziimveliso ezingafanelekanga. Ukuba kukho inkqubo yovavanyo lokulahleka, ngokubanzi kuya kucaciswa kwikhontrakthi, ngakumbi kwiimveliso zokuthumela ngaphandle, ukuba ixabiso lokulahleka lidlula ixabiso elichaziweyo, kuya kubekwa isohlwayo, kwaye isohlwayo sokulahlekelwa ngaphandle komthwalo siphezulu. Ukuze ufumane amaxabiso ovavanyo lwelahleko kumazwe aseYurophu, nceda ujonge ushicilelo lwe-11 lwemagazini ethi "Transformer" ngo-1994. Amawaka eedola kwi-kilowatt nganye. Le yimpembelelo yezomthetho kwaye inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo neenzuzo zoqoqosho.

Ingcamango yexabiso elilinganisiweyo kufuneka iqondwe ngokuchanekileyo, nokuba kukufundwa kwemitha ehambelanayo (okanye ukufundwa kwesiguquli samandla) okanye ixabiso elilinganisiweyo kufuneka liguqulwe libe kwimeko elinganisiweyo, kwaye kufuneka kubekho ukuchaneka okwaneleyo. Kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo lokulahleka komthwalo, ikakhulu kukuba imo ye-voltage wave yombane kufuneka ibe yi-sine wave, kwaye umahluko phakathi kokufundwa kwe-voltmeter ephakathi kunye nokufundwa kwe-voltage yexabiso elisebenzayo ungaphantsi kwe-3%.

Ukubalwa kokulahleka komthwalo, ukulahleka komthwalo kunye ne-impedance voltage

Ukulahleka komthwalo: Xa ukujija kwesibini kwe-transformer kuvuliwe kwaye ukujija kweprayimari kusetyenziswa nge-voltage ye-sinusoidal waveform rated frequency, amandla asebenzayo asetyenziswayo abizwa ngokuba yi-no-load loss. Le algorithm yile ilandelayo: ukulahleka komthwalo = i-coefficient yenkqubo yokulahleka komthwalo × ukulahleka kweyunithi × isiseko

Ukulahleka komthwalo: Xa ukujija kwesibini kwetransformer kufinyeziwe (imeko ezinzileyo), amandla asebenzayo asetyenziswayo xa ukujija kwesiseko kudlula kumbane olinganisiweyo abizwa ngokuba kukulahlekelwa ngumthwalo.

I-algorithm yile ilandelayo: ukulahleka komthwalo = ukulahleka kokumelana kwesibini esikhulu see-windings + ukulahleka okongezelelweyo

Ilahleko eyongezelelweyo = ilahleko yamandla e-eddy ajikelezayo + ilahleko yokujikeleza kocingo oluhambelanayo + ilahleko elahlekileyo + ilahleko yelead

I-voltage ye-Impedance: Xa ukujija kwesibini kwe-transformer kufinyeziwe (imeko ezinzileyo), i-voltage esetyenziswa yi-rated current ehamba nge-primary winding ibizwa ngokuba yi-impedance voltage Uz. I-Uz idla ngokubonakaliswa njengepesenti ye-voltage elinganisiweyo, oko kukuthi, uz=(Uz/U1n)*100%

Amandla okujika: u=4.44*f*B*At,V

Phakathi kwazo: B—ubuninzi bemagnethi kwi-iron core, i-TAt—indawo esebenzayo ye-cross-sectional ye-iron core, i-square meter

Ingaguqulwa ibe yifomula esetyenziswa rhoqo yokubala uyilo lwe-transformer:

Xa f=50Hz: u=B*At/450*10^5, V

Xa f=60Hz: u=B*At/375*10^5, V

Ukuba sele uyayazi i-phase voltages kunye nenani le-turns, i-turn potential ibalwa ngokwahlula i-phase voltage ngenani le-turns.

Ukulahleka komthwalo kuquka i-hysteresis kunye nokulahleka komsinga we-eddy kwi-iron core kunye nokulahleka komsinga we-no-load kwi-primary coil resistance. Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-iron loss kwaye eyesibini ibizwa ngokuba yi-copper loss. Ekubeni umsinga we-no-load umncinci kakhulu, le yokugqibela inokungahoywa, ngoko ke ukulahleka komthwalo ngokusisiseko yi-iron loss.

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukulahleka komthwalo kunye nokulahleka kwesinyithi kwe-transformer, ezichazwa kwiifomyula zezibalo. Kwifomyula, i-Pn kunye ne-Pw—zimele ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kunye nokulahleka kwe-eddy current kn, kw—ii-constants

f - i-frequency Hertz yevolthi esetyenzisiweyo yetransformer

I-Bm——Ubuninzi be-magnetic flux density Wei/m2 kumbindi wesinyithi

n——Steinmetz constant. Kwiphepha lesinyithi lesilicon elisetyenziswa rhoqo, xa iBm=(1.0～1.6) Wei/m2, n≈2. Kwiphepha lesinyithi lesilicon elisetyenziswayo ngoku, thatha i-2.5～3. 5.

Ngokwendlela yohlalutyo lwethiyori ye-transformer, xa sicinga ukuba amandla aphambili abangelwa yi-E1 (volts), ke: E1=KfBm (2)

I-K yi-proportional constant, emiselwa linani lee-primary turns kunye nendawo enqamlezileyo ye-iron core, ngoko ke ilahleko ye-iron yile:

Ekubeni ukuhla kwe-voltage ye-impedance yokuvuza okuphambili kuncinci kakhulu, ukuba akunakwa,

E1=U1(4)

Kuyabonakala ukuba ukulahleka kwesinyithi esingenamthwalo kwi-transformer kunobudlelwane obuhle ne-voltage esetyenzisiweyo. Ukuba i-voltage V lixabiso elithile, ukulahleka kwesinyithi esingenamthwalo kwi-transformer akuyi kutshintsha (kuba u-f akatshintshi), kwaye kuba u-U1=U1N usebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ngoko ke ukulahleka kwesinyithi esingenamthwalo kukwabizwa ngokuba yilahleko eqhubekayo. Ukuba i-voltage iyatshintshatshintsha, ukulahleka kwesinyithi esingenamthwalo kuyahluka. Ukulahleka kwesinyithi kwe-transformer kunxulumene nezinto eziphambili kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa, kwaye akukho nto yakwenza nomthwalo.