Izindlela zokubala zokulahlekelwa okuhlukahlukene kanye nama-voltage e-impedance ama-transformer

Ifomula Yokubala Ukulahlekelwa Kokuguqulwa

(1) Ukulahleka kwamandla asebenzayo: ΔP=Po+KT β2 Pk

(2) Ukulahleka kwamandla okusabela: ΔQ=Qo+KT β2 Qk

(3) Ukulahlekelwa amandla okuphelele: ΔPz=ΔP+KQΔQ

Qo≈Io%Sn, Qk≈Uk%Sn

Kuphi: Qo - ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okusabela okungenamthwalo (kvar)

Po——ukulahlekelwa umthwalo (kW)

I-Pk——Ukulahlekelwa komthwalo okulinganiselwe (kW)

Umthamo we-Sn - transformer olinganiselwe (kVA)

Iphesenti le-voltage yesekethe emfushane yase-UK%——

β——isici somthwalo, okuyisilinganiso samanje omthwalo kumanje olinganiselwe.

I-KT——isilinganiso sokulahlekelwa kokuguquguquka komthwalo

Qk——Amandla okuvuza okugeleza komthwalo okulinganiselwe (kvar)

I-KQ——isilinganiso sezomnotho esisebenzayo (kW/kvar)

Izimo zokukhetha zepharamitha ngayinye ekubalweni kwefomula engenhla:

(1) Thatha i-KT=1.05;

(2) Uma umthwalo omncane wesistimu uthathwa ku-6kV ~ 10kV step-down transformer yegridi yamandla yasemadolobheni kanye negridi yamandla ebhizinisi lezimboni, amandla ayo asebenzayo alingana ne-KQ = 0.1kW/kvar;

(3) Isilinganiso somthwalo we-transformer yi-β=20% kuma-transformer ezolimo; kumabhizinisi ezimboni, kwenziwa amashifu amathathu, kanti i-β=75% iyafiseleka;

(4) Amahora okusebenza e-transformer T = 8760h, amahora aphezulu okulahlekelwa umthwalo: t = 5500h;

(5) Ukulahlekelwa komthwalo we-transformer Po, ukulahlekelwa komthwalo okulinganiselwe Pk, Io%, Uk%, bheka ulwazi lwefektri yomkhiqizo.

Izici Zokulahlekelwa Kwe-Transformer

I-Po - ukulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo, ikakhulukazi ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi, okuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa yi-hysteresis kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-eddy current;

Ukulahleka kwe-hysteresis kuhambelana nemvamisa; kuhambelana namandla e-hysteresis coefficient ye-maximum magnetic flux density.

Ukulahleka komshini we-eddy kuhambelana nomkhiqizo wemvamisa, ubukhulu obukhulu be-magnetic flux, kanye nobukhulu beshidi lensimbi le-silicon.

I-Pc——Ukulahlekelwa umthwalo, ikakhulukazi ukulahlekelwa ukumelana lapho ugesi womthwalo udlula endaweni yokugoqa, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ukulahleka kwethusi. Usayizi wayo uyahlukahluka ngogesi womthwalo futhi ulingana nesikwele sogesi womthwalo; (futhi uvezwa yinani lokuguqulwa lokushisa kwekhoyili ejwayelekile).

Ukulahlekelwa umthwalo nakho kuthintwa izinga lokushisa le-transformer. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvuza okubangelwa ugesi womthwalo kuzodala ukulahlekelwa ugesi we-eddy ekujikijeleni kanye nokulahleka okulahlekile engxenyeni yensimbi engaphandle kojikijelwayo.

Ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwe-transformer ΔP=Po+Pc

Isilinganiso sokulahlekelwa kwe-transformer = Pc/Po

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-transformer = Pz/(Pz+ΔP), okuvezwa njengephesenti; lapho i-Pz ingamandla okukhipha ohlangothini lwesibili lwe-transformer.

Ukubalwa Kokulahleka Okuguquguqukayo Kukagesi

Ukulahlekelwa amandla kwe-transformer kuqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi kanye nokulahlekelwa yithusi. Ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi kuhlobene nesikhathi sokusebenza, kanti ukulahlekelwa yithusi kuhlobene nomthwalo. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kufanele kubalwe ngokwehlukana.

1. Ukubalwa kukagesi olahlekelwa yinsimbi: Ugesi olahlekelwa yinsimbi wamamodeli namakhono ahlukene, ifomula yokubala ithi: ugesi olahlekelwa yinsimbi (kWh) = ukulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo (kW) × isikhathi sokuphakelwa kwamandla (amahora)

Ukulahlekelwa yi-transformer yokusabalalisa ngaphandle komthwalo (ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi) kungahlolwa kusukela etafuleni elinamathiselwe, futhi isikhathi sokuphakelwa kwamandla yisikhathi sangempela sokusebenza kwe-transformer, esinqunywa ngokwemigomo elandelayo:

(1) Kubasebenzisi abanamandla aqhubekayo, inyanga yonke ibalwa njengamahora angu-720.

(2) Ngenxa yezizathu zegridi kagesi, ukunikezwa kwamandla ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukunikezwa kwamandla okulinganiselwe, ukubalwa kufanele kusekelwe emahoreni angempela okunikezwa kwamandla esiteshini esincane kumsebenzisi, futhi ngeke kubhekwe njengokulukhuni ukubala, futhi kusazobalwa ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwenyanga yonke. Isikhathi kufanele sisuswe lapho kubalwa ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi.

(3) Abasebenzisi abahlonyiswe ngamawashi ahlanganisiwe ohlangothini olune-voltage ephansi lwe-transformer babalwa ngokuya ngesikhathi sokuphakelwa kwamandla esiqongelelwe samawashi ahlanganisiwe.

2. Ukubalwa kukagesi olahlekayo ngethusi: uma izinga lomthwalo lingama-40% nangaphansi, likhokhiswa njengo-2% wokusetshenziswa kukagesi nyanga zonke (ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwemitha yamandla kagesi). Ifomula yokubala ithi: ugesi olahlekayo ngethusi (kWh) = ukusetshenziswa kukagesi nyanga zonke Inani (kWh) × 2%

Ngenxa yokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwethusi kuhlobene nomthamo womthwalo (ugesi), lapho isilinganiso somthwalo wenyanga se-transformer yokusabalalisa sidlula u-40%, amandla okulahlekelwa kwethusi kufanele akhokhiswe ku-3% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla wenyanga. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wenyanga lapho izinga lomthwalo lingu-40% kungahlolwa kusukela kuthebula elinamathiselwe. Ifomula yokubala izinga lomthwalo yile: izinga lomthwalo = amandla okukopisha/S. T． Cos￠

Kufomula: S - umthamo olinganisiwe we-distribution transformer (kVA); T - isikhathi sekhalenda senyanga yonke, thatha amahora angu-720; COS￠ - amandla, thatha u-0.80.

Ukulahleka okuguquguqukayo kwe-transformer yamandla kungahlukaniswa ngokulahlekelwa yithusi kanye nokulahlekelwa yinsimbi. Ukulahleka kwethusi ngokuvamile kungu-0.5%. Ukulahleka kwensimbi ngokuvamile kungu-5~7%. Ukulahleka kokushintsha kwe-transformer yohlobo olomile kuncane kunohlobo lokuhlasela kwamafutha. Ukulahlekelwa okuphelele: 0.5+6=6.5 Indlela yokubala: 1000KVA×6.5%=65KVA

65KVA × amahora angu-24 × izinsuku ezingu-365 = 569400KWT (amadigri)

Ipuleti legama eliku-transformer linemininingwane ethile.

Ukulahlekelwa yi-transformer ngaphandle komthwalo

Ukulahlekelwa umthwalo kubhekisela emandleni amuncwa yi-transformer lapho uhlangothi lwesibili lwe-transformer luvulekile futhi i-voltage ye-sine wave yohlangothi oluyinhloko ilingana ne-voltage elinganisiwe. Ngokuvamile, kuphela imvamisa elinganisiwe kanye ne-voltage elinganisiwe okunakwayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi i-voltage yokuthepha kanye ne-voltage waveform, ukunemba kohlelo lokulinganisa, izinsimbi zokuhlola kanye nemishini yokuhlola akunakwa. Inani elibaliwe, inani elijwayelekile, inani elilinganisiwe, kanye nenani eliqinisekisiwe lokulahlekelwa kuyadideka futhi.

Uma i-voltage ingeziwe ohlangothini oluyinhloko futhi kukhona i-tap, uma i-transformer ingumthetho we-voltage ye-magnetic flux engaguquki, i-voltage esetshenzisiwe kufanele ibe yi-voltage ye-tap position ehambisana nokunikezwa kwamandla. Endabeni yomthetho we-voltage ye-magnetic flux eguquguqukayo, ngoba ukulahlekelwa komthwalo kuhlukile endaweni ngayinye ye-tap, indawo efanele ye-tap kumele ikhethwe ngokuya ngezidingo zobuchwepheshe, futhi i-voltage elinganisiwe ecacisiwe kumele isetshenziswe, ngoba ngesikhathi somthetho we-voltage ye-magnetic flux eguquguqukayo, uhlangothi oluyinhloko luhlala lusebenzisa i-voltage endaweni ngayinye ye-tap.

Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi i-waveform ye-voltage esetshenzisiwe kumele ibe cishe yi-sinusoidal. Ngakho-ke, enye ukusebenzisa i-harmonic analyzer ukukala izingxenye ze-harmonic eziqukethwe ku-voltage waveform, kanti enye ukusebenzisa indlela elula yokukala i-voltage nge-voltmeter ejwayelekile, kodwa isikali siyi-voltmeter yenani elisebenzayo, bese siqhathanisa nokufundwa kwe-voltmeter yenani elisebenzayo, lapho umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungaphezu kuka-3%, kusho ukuthi i-voltage waveform akuyona i-sine wave, futhi ukulahlekelwa okulinganiselwe kokungabi nomthwalo kufanele kungasebenzi ngokwezidingo zendinganiso entsha.

Kuhlelo lokulinganisa, kuyadingeka ukukhetha umugqa wokuhlola ofanele, ukhethe imishini yokuhlola efanele kanye namathuluzi. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezikwazi ukungena ngogesi, amandla alahlekile ngekhilogramu ngalinye ancishisiwe kakhulu. Abakhiqizi basebenzisa amashidi ensimbi e-silicon asezingeni eliphezulu agxile kokusanhlamvu noma ngisho nama-alloy angenawo ugesi njengezinto ezikwazi ukungena ngogesi. Azikho izimbobo emthungweni kanye nokuthambekela okugcwele, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokungafaki ijoka lensimbi buyasetshenziswa kule nqubo. Abakhiqizi bathuthukisa ama-transformer alahlekelwa kancane, ikakhulukazi ukulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo kuncishisiwe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izidingo ezintsha zibekwe ohlelweni lokulinganisa. Umthamo uhlala ufana, futhi ukwehla kokulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo kusho ukuthi amandla e-transformer ancipha lapho kungekho mthwalo. Amandla amancane adinga umenzi ukuthi ashintshe futhi aguqule uhlelo lokulinganisa. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa indlela ye-wattmeter ezintathu ukuze kulinganiswe, khetha i-transformer yekilasi elingu-0.05-0.1, bese ukhetha i-wattmeter enamandla aphansi. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho ukunemba kokulinganisa kungaqinisekiswa khona. Uma isici samandla singu-0.01, umehluko wesigaba se-transformer uzobangela iphutha lamandla elingu-2.9% uma umehluko wesigaba ungumzuzu owodwa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha kahle isilinganiso samanje kanye nesilinganiso se-voltage se-transformer yamanje kanye ne-voltage transformer ngesikhathi sokulinganisa kwangempela. Uma i-current yangempela incane kakhulu kunomshini oxhunywe ku-transformer yamanje, uma umehluko wesigaba kanye nephutha lamanje le-transformer yamanje lilikhulu, lokhu kuzoholela ephutheni elikhulu emiphumeleni yokulinganisa kwangempela. Ngakho-ke, i-current edonswa yi-transformer kufanele isondele enanini elilinganisiwe le-current transformer yamanje.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwakhiweni, ngokwezinqubo ezibekiwe, ukulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo okubalwe ngokubhekisela ekulahlekelweni kweyunithi kanye ne-coefficient yenqubo yeshidi lensimbi le-silicon elikhethiwe ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi inani elibalwe. Leli nani kufanele liqhathaniswe nenani elijwayelekile elichazwe ku-standard noma nenani elijwayelekile noma inani eliqinisekisiwe elichazwe kwinkontileka. Inani elibalwe kumele libe ngaphansi kwenani elijwayelekile noma inani eliqinisekisiwe, futhi akukho ndawo yokubala, ikakhulukazi kuma-transformer akhiqizwe nge-batch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elibalwe lisebenza kuphela kumklami noma emnyangweni wokuklama, futhi alinawo umphumela wezomthetho. Inani elibalwe alikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwahlulela izinga lokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo. Inani elijwayelekile elichazwe ku-standard noma inani eliqinisekisiwe elichazwe kwinkontileka lisebenza ngokusemthethweni. Imikhiqizo edlula inani elijwayelekile kanye nokuphambuka okuvunyelwe, noma inani eliqinisekisiwe (inani eliqinisekisiwe lilingana nenani elijwayelekile kanye nokuphambuka okuvunyelwe) yimikhiqizo engafaneleki. Uma kukhona uhlelo lokuhlola ukulahlekelwa, ngokuvamile luzokhonjiswa kwinkontileka, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni yokuthumela ngaphandle, uma inani lokulahlekelwa lidlula inani elibekiwe, kuzokhokhiswa inhlawulo, futhi inhlawulo yokulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo iphakeme kakhulu. Ukuze uthole amanani okuhlola ukulahlekelwa kwamazwe aseYurophu, sicela ubheke umagazini we-11 we-"Transformer" ngo-1994. Izinkulungwane zamaRandi ziyizinhlawulo nge-kilowatt ngayinye. Lona umphumela wezomthetho futhi uhlobene ngqo nezinzuzo zomnotho.

Umqondo wenani elilinganisiwe kumele futhi uqondwe kahle, kungaba ukufundwa kwemitha ehambisanayo (noma ukufundwa kwesiguquli samandla) noma inani elilinganisiwe kumele kuguqulwe kube yisimo esilinganisiwe, futhi kumele kube nokunemba okwanele. Ngenani elilinganisiwe lokulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo, ikakhulukazi ukuthi i-voltage waveform yokunikezwa kwamandla kufanele ibe yi-sine wave, futhi umehluko phakathi kokufundwa kwe-voltmeter okumaphakathi kanye nokufundwa kwe-voltage yenani elisebenzayo ungaphansi kuka-3%.

Ukubalwa kokulahlekelwa umthwalo, ukulahlekelwa umthwalo kanye ne-impedance voltage

Ukulahlekelwa yimithwalo: Uma ukugoqa kwesibili kwe-transformer kuvuliwe futhi ukugoqa okuyinhloko kusetshenziswa nge-voltage elinganisiwe ye-frequency sinusoidal waveform, amandla asebenzayo asetshenziswayo abizwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa yimithwalo. I-algorithm ilandelayo: ukulahlekelwa yimithwalo = i-coefficient yenqubo yokulahlekelwa yimithwalo × ukulahlekelwa yiyunithi × i-core

Ukulahlekelwa ngumthwalo: Uma ukugoqa kwesibili kwe-transformer kufinyelelwe (isimo esizinzile), amandla asebenzayo asetshenziswa lapho ukugoqa okuyinhloko kugeleza ku-current rated abizwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa ngumthwalo.

I-algorithm ilandelayo: ukulahlekelwa umthwalo = ukulahlekelwa ukumelana kwe-pair enkulu kakhulu yama-windings + ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe

Ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe = ukulahleka kwamanje kwe-eddy okugoqekayo + ukulahleka kokujikeleza kwentambo ehambisanayo + ukulahleka okulahlekile + ukulahleka kweledi

I-voltage ye-Impedance: Uma ukugoqa kwesibili kwe-transformer kufinyelelwe (isimo esizinzile), i-voltage esetshenziswa yi-current rated current egeleza ngokugoqa okuyinhloko ibizwa ngokuthi i-voltage ye-impedance Uz. I-Uz ivame ukuvezwa njengephesenti le-voltage rated, okungukuthi, uz=(Uz/U1n)*100%

Amandla okujika: u=4.44*f*B*At,V

Phakathi kwazo: B—ukuxinana kwamagnetic enkabeni yensimbi, i-TAt—indawo ephumelelayo ye-cross-sectional yenkaba yensimbi, imitha yesikwele

Ingaguqulwa ibe yifomula evame ukusetshenziswa yokubala umklamo we-transformer:

Uma f=50Hz: u=B*At/450*10^5, V

Uma f=60Hz: u=B*At/375*10^5, V

Uma usuvele wazi ama-voltage esigaba kanye nenani lama-turn, amandla okujika abalwa ngokuhlukanisa i-voltage yesigaba ngenani lama-turn.

Ukulahlekelwa yi-no-load kufaka phakathi i-hysteresis kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-eddy current enkabeni yensimbi kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-no-load current ekuphikisweni kwe-coil eyinhloko. Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-iron loss kanti eyesibili ibizwa ngokuthi i-copper loss. Njengoba i-no-load current incane kakhulu, eyesibili inganakwa, ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa yi-no-load empeleni kuwukulahlekelwa yinsimbi.

Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukulahlekelwa okungenamthwalo kanye nokulahlekelwa yinsimbi kwe-transformer, okuvezwa kumafomula ezibalo. Kufomula, i-Pn kanye ne-Pw—zimele ukulahlekelwa yi-hysteresis kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamanje kwe-eddy kn, kw—ama-constants

f - i-Hertz yemvamisa ye-voltage esetshenzisiwe ye-transformer

I-Bm——Ubuningi obukhulu be-magnetic flux Wei/m2 enkabeni yensimbi

n——Steinmetz constant. Kumashidi ensimbi e-silicon asetshenziswa njalo, lapho i-Bm=(1.0～1.6) Wei/m2, n≈2. Kumashidi ensimbi e-silicon asetshenziswayo njengamanje, thatha u-2.5～3. 5.

Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwethiyori kwe-transformer, uma sicabanga ukuthi amandla ayinhloko abangelwa yi-E1 (volts), khona-ke: E1=KfBm (2)

I-K iyi-proportional constant, enqunywa yinani lama-primary turns kanye nendawo enqamulayo ye-iron core, ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa kwensimbi yilokhu:

Njengoba ukwehla kwe-voltage ye-impedance yokuvuza okuyinhloko kuncane kakhulu, uma kunganakwa,

E1=U1(4)

Kungabonakala ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi engenamthwalo we-transformer kunobuhlobo obuhle ne-voltage esetshenzisiwe. Uma i-voltage V iyinani elithile, ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi engenamthwalo we-transformer ngeke kushintshe (ngoba u-f akashintshi), futhi ngoba u-U1=U1N ekusebenzeni okuvamile, ngakho ukulahlekelwa yi-No-load kubizwa nangokuthi ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo. Uma i-voltage ishintshashintsha, ukulahlekelwa yi-No-load kuyahlukahluka. Ukulahlekelwa yinsimbi ye-transformer kuhlobene nezinto eziyinhloko kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza, futhi akunandaba nomthwalo.